DASH World Cultures Final Vocab
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Created by:
eeschmidt97 on December 1, 2011
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72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 loess | yellow-brown soil that winds carry across the North China Plain into the Yellow River |
| oracle bones | bones that people read to contact ancestors by heating them |
| ideographs | symbols used to express ideas such as beauty, joy, or justice |
| pictographs | pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing |
| kowtow | low bow expressing respect and submission tot eh Chinese emperor |
| mandate of heaven | claim by Chinese kings of the Zhou dynasty that they had direct authority from heaven to rule and to keep order in the universe |
| dynastic cycle | rise and fall of Chinese rulers, accoring to the Mandate of Heaven |
| Confucianism | the philosophies of Confucian; include the five relationships, filial piety; influenced education and shaped Chinese government |
| filial piety | according to the Chinese philosopher Confucius, the duty and respect that children owe their parents |
| Daoism | philosophies of Lao Zi; link between people and nature; also called The Way of Virtue; advances in chemistry and biology |
| Legalism | philosophies of Han Feizi; ideas that differ from the rulers should be suppressed; people will be good if they are afraid of being punished |
| Buddhism | the teaching of Buddha that life is permeated with suffering caused by desire, that suffering ceases when desire ceases, and that enlightenment obtained through right conduct and wisdom and meditation releases one from desire and suffering and rebirth |
| nirvana | the lasting peace that Buddhists seek by giving up selfish desires |
| foot binding | painful method of keep Chinese women's feet small |
| Shi Huangdi | First Emperor- harsh ruler of Qin who promoted Legalism |
| Silk Road | link from East Asia to the Mediterranean world |
| civil service exam system | three day long test taken to choose civil servants (government officials) |
| Genghiz Khan | Mongol leader who overthrew Song |
| Kublai Khan | Genghis' grandson who extended Mongol power all over China with the Yuan dynasty |
| Marco Polo | a European who spent seventeen years in China during the late 1200s |
| extraterritoriality | principle allowing westerners accused of a crime in China to be tried in special, western-run courts instead of in Chinese courts |
| sphere of influence | area of a country in which a foreign has special economic privileges, such as the right to build railroads and factories |
| Open Door Policy | A policy proposed by the US in 1899, under which ALL nations would have equal opportunities to trade in China. |
| Boxer Rebellion | 1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the foreign influence. The rebellion was ended by British troops |
| Taipeng Rebellion | rebellion led by Hong Xiquan with the purpose of creating a new nation within China (the Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace, which would be communist); ultimately fails and is defeated by China, Britain, and France; biggest and most important rebellion, lasted 14 years with 20 million people dead |
| Long March | The 6,000-mile (9,600-kilometer) flight of Chinese Communists from southeastern to northwestern China. The Communists, led by Mao Zedong, were pursued by the Chinese army under orders from Chiang Kai-shek. (789) |
| Chiang Kai-shek | major nationalist figure; took over after Sun Yatsen's death |
| Mao Zedong | co-founder of the CCP and Party chairman from 1943 until his death in 1976; launched the Cultural Revolution in what the Party media then described as an attempt to "combat and prevent revisionism" but what is now referred to by his successors as the biggest single mistake of his political career |
| Sun Yatsen | major nationalist figure; president of republic for a brief time in 1911 |
| CiXi | empress; last dynastic ruler of China in 1898 |
| Nationalists (Guomindang) | The first democratic government in China. Its leaders were Sun Yat-sen and Chang Kai-shek, believe in uniting people who share a common history and culture. Supported by city-dwellers |
| Communists | people who favor the equal distribution of wealth and the end of all forms of private property |
| proletariat | industrial working class |
| totalitarian | nation in which the government controls every aspect of citizens lives through a single party democracy |
| propaganda | spread of ideas to promote a cause or damage an opposing cause |
| Little Red Book | anther name for Mao Zedong's Selected Works (a.k.a., Quotations by Chairman Mao), which is a compilation of his quotations |
| Red Guard | a semiformal youth movement of high school and college students who were Chairman Mao's supporters and the vanguard of the Cultural Revolution |
| Gang of Four | term used by the post-Mao leadership to denote the four leading radical figures- Jiang Qing, Zhang Chunqiao, Yao Wenyuan, and Wang Hongwen- who played a dominant political role during the Cultural Revolution until Mao's death in September 1976 and their arrest several weeks later |
| Marxism and Maoism | Karl Marx predicted that the proletariat would rise up against the ruling class and the proletariat revolution would spread around the world and create a new, classless society. Mao adapted Marxism to Chinese conditions (Maoism) |
| collectives | farms operated and managed under government direction |
| communes | communities in which all property is held in common, living quarters are shared, and physical needs are provided for in exchange for work at assigned jobs |
| capitalism | free mark economic system in which the means of production are owned and operated by individuals for profit |
| Four Modernizations | modernizing agriculture, expanding industry, developing science and technology, and upgrading China's defense forces |
| SEZ | Special Economic Zones; special places in southeastern China that were created to attract foreign capital |
| homogenous society | society in which the people share a common ethnic and cultural background |
| isolationism | a policy of nonparticipation in international economic and political relations |
| annex | take (territory) by conquest |
| armistice | a state of peace agreed to between opponents so they can discuss peace terms |
| juche | North-Korean ideology in which it remains completely independent from other nations |
| Kim Jong Il | son of Kim Il Sung, became ruler of North Korea after his father's death |
| population density | number of individuals per unit area |
| ethnocentrism | belief in the superiority of one's own ethnic group |
| burakumin | ethnically Japanese, social outcasts and generally live in segregated communities |
| Ainu | a minority population in Japan; first settlers in Japan |
| The Tale of the Genji | the world's first novel written in about 1008 by Ms. Murasaki Shikibu |
| Fujiwara | a family that ruled Japan for 200 years; gained great land wealth and concentrated power; under the Fujiwara, the emperor became a figurehead; tried to make government positions hereditary and devoted to hundreds of cerimonies and festivals that regulated court life |
| samurai | Japanese warrior knights |
| bushido | code of behavior developed by Japan's samurai class that emphasized military virtues and the samurai's duty of loyalty to his lord |
| feudalism | system of government in Europe during the Middle Ages, as well as in Japan during the late 1100s, under which local lords ruler the land but were bound by ties of loyalty to high lords and to the monarch or emperor |
| shogun | chief general of the army who was the real ruler in feudal Japan |
| Minamoto | First Shogun in Japan in 1192 |
| daimyo | powerful samurai warriors under the control of Japan's Tokugawa Shogunate |
| Shinto | traditional Japanese religion; no sacred writing or organized set of beliefs, no name for centuries; "the way of the gods"; spirits (kami) lived in everything and controlled natural forces; did not answer questions about life after death or proper behavior |
| Zen Buddhism | focused on meditation and self-discipline |
| zaibatsu | in Japan, powerful family groups that founded huge business conglomerates that controlled large parts of the economy |
| militarism | glorification of the military and a readiness for war |
| Douglas MacArthur | American general, United Nations general, and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army; Chief of Staff of the United States Army during the 1930s and later played a prominent role in the Pacific theater of World War II; designated to command the proposed invasion of Japan and officially accepted the nation's surrender; led the United Nations Command forces defending South Korea against the North Korean invasion; removed from command by President Truman for publicly disagreeing with Truman's Korean War Policy |
| Office Lady | A woman who answers phones, greets customers, and pours tea. |
| juku | an additional school in Japan for preparing students for college; cram schools |
| pacificism | peaceful, opposistion to war or violence as a means to settle disputes |
| trade imbalance | occurred because Japan exports more goods to those nations than it imports from them. |
| reparations | payment for damages after a war |
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