| Term | Definition |
|---|
| triangle | what India's demographic looks like |
| upside down triangle | what Japan's demographic looks like |
| a rectangle with sides curved in (less working age population) | what kenya's demographic looks like |
| low IMR, lack of birth control, inequality for women, male/son preference, dowry, low life expectancy, poverty | why India's population looks the way it does |
| women have few/no children, cost of living and child is high, time, more education, older parents | why Japan's population looks the way it does |
| hiv/aids, no education, no family planning, inequality for women, high poverty rates | why Kenya's population looks the way it does |
| immigration (over a million a year) | why the USA's population looks the way it does |
| global stratification | measuring global wealth and poverty |
| global stratification | refers to the unequal distribution of wealth, power, and prestige on a global or societal base |
| global stratification | results in people having vastly different life styles and life changes between and within nations (the gap between the wealthiest and poorest people in the world is growing) |
| 1960 | in what year did the wealthiest 20% have 30x the income of the poorest 20% |
| 2000 | in what year did the wealthiest 20% have 80x the income of the poorest 20% |
| social stratification | the hierarchical arrangement of large social groups (classes) based on their control over basic resources |
| systems of stratification | what may be open or closed based on the availability if social mobility |
| social mobility | the movement of individuals or groups from one level in a stratified sytem to another |
| intergenerational mobility | movement of people from one generation to the next |
| Liberia | fastest population growth rate |
| Moldova | slowest population growth rate |
| Niger (7.2) | highest population growth rate |
| Belarus (1.2) | lowest population growth rate |
| Democratic Republic of Congo (50/1000) | highest crude birth rate |
| Germany (8/1000) | low crude birth rate |
| Sierra Leone (160/1000) | highest infant mortality rate |
| Iceland (2.9/1000) | lowest infant mortality rate |
| UAE and Qatar | highest male rate |
| Latvia and Estonia | highest female rate |
| Japan (83) | highest life expectancy |
| Botswana (34) | lowest life expectancy |
| Norway | highest HDI |
| Niger | lowest HDI |
| $ 13 trillion | total GDP of the USA |
| $ 4 trillion | total GDP of the Japan |
| $ 2.5 trillion | total GDP of China |
| $ 2.22 trillion | total GDP of Germany |
| Luxemburg ($ 79000) | highest GDP per capita |
| Democratic Republic of Congo ($ 90) | lowest GDP per capita |
| Exxon | # 1 world's largest business |
| Wal-Mart | # 2 world's largest business |
| Royal Dutch Shell | # 3 world's largest business |
| British Petroleum | # 4 world's largest business |
| General Motors | # 5 world's largest business |
| Chevron | # 6 world's largest business |
| Daimler | # 7 world's largest business |
| Toyota | # 8 world's largest business |
| Ford | # 9 world's largest business |
| Conoco-Phillips | # 10 world's largest business |
| cars and gasoline (exception: Wal-Mart) | what most large businesses deal with |
| Exxon, Wal-Mart, GM, Chevron, Ford, Conoco-Phillips | businesses based in the US |
| low income | per capita GNP of $ 825 or less |
| middle income | per capita GNP of $ 825 - $ 10000 |
| high income | per capita GNP of $ 10000 and up |
| low, middle, high (income) | world bank classifies three main income categories named |
| classification of global economics | world bank classifies three main income categories called |
| low income countries | 50% of the population is in 51 poorest nations |
| low income countries | poor, rural and agrarian (mostly) in Africa and Asia are |
| low income countries | women and children at most rick for poverty - ~1 million kids serve in virtual slavery |
| middle income countries | 1/3 of the world in 92 nations |
| middle income countries | divided into upper middle and lower middle |
| middle income countries | wide variety of nations, many in Latin America, Middle East, Former USSR |
| middle income countries | Going through stages of transition - agrarian to industrial/post industrial economy |
| lower middle income countries | Iran, Colombia, Indonesia |
| upper middle income countries | Brazil, Russia, East Europe |
| middle income countries | Sometimes large amounts of stratification |
| China | income country going up |
| Iraq | income country going down |
| high | 25 nations are --- income |
| US, Canada, W Europe, Australia, New Zealand, E Asia (S Korea, Japan Taiwan), Persian gulf states, Saudi Arabia | examples of high income |
| high income countries | often have lower economic growth than mid income nations (2-5% v 7-12%) |
| high income countries | control 75-80% of worlds wealth |
| measuring global wealth and poverty | absolute, relative and subjective poverty |
| absolute | people do not have the means to secure the most basic necessities (food, water, shelter) |
| relative | can afford basic life but not an average standard of living for their society |
| subjective | measuring and comparing actual income/wealth against a person's expectations and perceptions |
| human development index | established in 1990 by the UN to measure the development and quality of life in a nation by looking at life expectancy, education levels, GNP, and other living standards |
| 80 | high life expectancy |
| 65 | middle life expectancy |
| 55 | low life expectancy |
| 8 times higher | how high is infant mortality in low income countries |
| health (war, crime) (not just disease/injury) | defines as a stage of complete physical, mental, and social well being |
| UNESCO (UN education, science, culture, organization) | defines a literate person as "someone who can with understanding both read and write a short simple statement their ever day life |
| 1/5; 2/3 | --- of the world is illiterate, --- of that are women |
| female literacy | linked to reductions in fertility, improved child health, and stronger learning potential |
| globalization | has become an important theme of the post-Cold War discussion of the nature if the international order |
| globalization | increased interconnection and interdependence between states and between societies |
| globalization | results in territorial boundaries become less important |
| political globalization | diffusion of state power, two types - upwards & downwards/sideways |
| upwards diffusion | international organizations (EU, UN, International Financial Institutions) |
| aggregate demand | total demand for goods and services in an economy |
| aggregate supply | total supply of goods and services in an economy |
| bourgeoisie | group in a society that carries on commerce and industry ( the middle class; distinct from landowners, wage earners, farmers) |
| deficit spending | practice where a government spends more money that it receives as revenue. Usually refers to the conscious effort to stimulate economic growth by lowering taxes or increasing government expenditures |
| devaluation | official reduction in the exchange value of a currency by lowering its gold equivalency or its value relative to another currency |
| diversification | a variety of exports including industrial and agricultural goods; can generate wealth and a favorable balance of trade for a country |
| economic growth | increase in a nations GNP ( 4-5 % a year is considered good) |
| economic warfare | using a variety of economic means (sanctions, embargos, tariffs) to hurt the economy of a rival nation(s) |
| embargo | government order prohibiting the entry or departure of commercial ships, or planes. Also refers to any restriction imposed on commerce by law. |
| favorable/unfavorable balance of trade | when a nation exports more than it imports; or the reverse |
| free trade | trade carried on without government regulation, especially international trade |
| free trade area (FTA) | territory covered by a economic cooperative arrangement among two or more nations |
| globalization | movement of nations toward more and more economic interdependence |
| G-7 | seven most industrialized nations (USA, UK, FR, Ger., Italy, Japan, Canada) |
| GDP | gross domestic product ( only within a nation) |
| GNP | gross national product (everywhere) |
| heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) | nations facing unsustainable debt burdens, but have tried to reform according to the IMF |
| infrastructure | the structure that underlies and makes possible all economic activity in a country (communications, roads, bridges, schools, etc...) |
| International Monetary Fund | based in Washington, DC; provides financial advice and funding to countries that are experiencing debt payment difficulties |
| laissez-faire | "hand off" free market economic system; most associated with capitalism |
| megacity | urban area over 10 mil. People |
| monocultural exportation | a nation being too dependant on one major crop; leads to poverty |
| most favored nation (MFN) | economic treaty between two nations where one offers the best deal to the other; usually reciprocated (ex: USA and China) |
| nationalize | to take over ownership by a national government |
| NAFTA | North American Free Trade Agreement (1994) (USA, Canada, Mexico) 2nd largest free-trade area (EU 1st) in the world |
| per capita income | wealth of a nation (GNP) divided among its population |
| private sector | part of the economy NOT involved with the public sector (government) |
| privatization | transferring government ownership to individuals |
| protectionism | protecting domestic manufacturers from foreign competition by imposing tariffs and quotas on imported goods |
| sanctions | a coercive economic measure, usually adopted by several nations, for forcing a country resisting international law to desist or yield to adjudication |
| standard of living | quality of life of a nation based on goods and services available to the population |
| tariff | a "tax" imposed by a government on imported or exported goods |
| World Bank | a multinational lending agency that tried to reduce poverty by promoting sustainable economic growth for nations in assistance |
| World Trade Organization (WTO) | est. in 1995; a multinational organization that helps regulate and promote global trade issues |
| downwards/sideways | non-state actors (Non-Governmental Organizations/NGOs – Red Cross; Big Businesses like Sony, Exxon, Toyota, Microsoft) |
| cultural globalization | cultural differences between nation states are being eroded towards a single global culture |
| Americanization | another name for globalization |
| economic globalization | liberization of national financial regimes combined with the information technology revolution has changed the world |
| economic globalization | vast amounts of money can be easily moved in and out of countries |
| economic globalization | individuals also decide the fate of a nations currency (George Soros, Warren Buffet, Ben Bernanke, and Hank Paulson are extreme examples) |
| economic globalization | lack of confidence in a country's economic strategy can lead to massive financial outflows and financial crisis |
| Francis Fukuyama | author of The End of History |
| The End of History | book by Francis Fukuyama |
| Fukuyama - The End of History | liberal democracy as the final end-game of history; what will come next? |
| Fukuyama - The End of History | creation of a mono-ideology, convergence around a single idea (Free-Market Capitalism?) |
| Samuel Huntington | the author of The Clash of Civilizations |
| The Clash of Civilizations | book by Samuel Huntington |
| Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations | west's first conflict will be with the Muslim World who will reject globalization, and capitalism; the West will win |
| Huntington - The Clash of Civilizations | in a century, China will be the next biggest conflict authoritarian capitalist government |
| Jihad vs. McWorld | book by Benjamin Barber |
| Benjamin Barber | author of Jihad vs. McWorld |
| Barber - Jihad vs. McWorld | the globalized world will have conflict; it is inevitable |
| Barber - Jihad vs. McWorld | the clash will be between the modern world (profit, speed, efficiency) and the undeveloped world |
| Thomas Friedman | author of The Lexus and the Olive Tree |
| Thomas Friedman | author of The World is Flat |
| The Lexus and the Olive Tree | book by Thomas Friedman concerning different world |
| The World is Flat | book by Thomas Friedman concerning ten forces |
| agrees with Fukuyama and Barber, but not Huntington | who Friedman agree with and who does he not |
| it is great; it lowers poverty rates | Friedman's belief about globalization |
| Lexus (high tech, exists along with affluence, does not care about culture as long as you spend money) and Olive Tree (place, location, religion, desperate will use violence) | what two types of worlds are currently developing (Friedman) |
| windows introduced, Netscape went public, worflow software (middleware), open sources (free tools), Y2K (move jobs to India), offshoring (China catch up), suppy-chaining (Wal-mart), informing (basic search), steriods (storage at a cheaper price) | ten forces that flattened the earth |
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