Ant 202 Final
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199 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Formative | sedentism, large communities (associated with agriculture) |
| Archaic | broad spectrum hunting and gathering |
| Social stratification | society is divided into groups that have difference access to resources |
| Paramount chief | the highest level chief or political leader in a region or area |
| Civilization | cities, monumental architecture, state government |
| Primary traits of civilization | urbanization (cities), full time labor specialization, social stratification (society is divided into groups), concentration surplus |
| Paleoindian | before 8,000 b.c. |
| Secondary traits of civilization | major water control systems, writing, monumental public architecture, classic, post classic |
| Classic | peak of cultural achievement |
| Post-Classic | civilizations that follow the decline of a classic civilization |
| Chiefdoms | political level of organization, one man (paramount chief) with special skills is the leader of a certain area |
| States | complex social organizations, centralized accumulation of capital/social status/long distance trade, division of labor, craft specialization, record keeping, public buildings and monumental architecture, all-embracing state religion |
| Urbanization | taking the characteristics of a city |
| Labor specialization | when certain jobs are performed by particular individuals |
| Medieval Climatic Anomaly | a period of warm climate 800-1350 A.D. |
| Writing | a technology for storing, manipulating, and communicating data |
| Pharaoh | a ruler in ancient Egypt |
| Human sacrifice | the act of killing one or more human beings as part of a religious ritual |
| Extirpation | wiping out a species locally |
| Bandkeramic | in Germany, 5300-4000 b.c., created Banderamic pottery |
| Ancestral Pueblo | aka the Anasazi, 100-1600 a.d., |
| Cochise culture | pre-ceramic culture in the south west, paleo-indian |
| Hohokam San Pedro Phase | 500bc-200ad, pre Hohokam culture, no pottery, had dart points and atlatls, corn, increasing sedentism |
| Anasazi Basketmaker II | 500b.c. - 600a.d., no pottery, heavy reliance on corn and squash, corn agriculture, many storage pits, fair degree of sedentism, formal and deep pithouses, baskets, sandals, and nets were created |
| Anasazi Basketmaker III | 600-750 a.d.,the first truely well made pottery in the south west, this is where pottery begins, lived in pithouses, domesticated beans |
| Anasazi Pueblo I | 750-900 a.d., shift to above ground architecture (or pueblos) |
| Anasazi Pueblo II | 900-1150 a.d., major and rapid population growth, were above ground in pueblo villages, three majors centers for Anasazi activity: Chaco Canyon, Mesa Verde, and Rio Grande Pueblos, corrugated pottery, had a state, interpersonal violence and cannibalism |
| Anasazi Pueblo III | 1150-1300, first lived in cliffs, had sophisticated pottery, where they lived was abandoned in the end of the period, signs of violence, great droucght of A.D. 1276-1299, multicolored pottery |
| Anasazi Pueblo IV | 1300-1400 a.d., more abandonments, late comers arrive (Navajo and Apache), Spanish explorer Coronado shows up not long after the collapse of the Hohokam |
| Mogollon Pithouse | 200-100 a.d., pithouses are a serious use of corn, first pottery (brown color) |
| Mogollon Pueblo | 1000-1300 a.d., beginning of above ground architecture, pithouses still continued, very sophisticated pottery, great kivas were built (large ceremonial structures) |
| Hohokam Late Preclassic | persistence of pithouses, thousands of pithouses would distinguish a huge town, long canal systems, ball courts |
| Hohokam Classic Period | 1150-1400 a.d., shift to above ground architecture, switch from ball courts to Platform mounds, chiefdoms, multicolored pottery |
| Eastern North AmericaFormative | 200-500 b.c., some domestication of goosefoot and sunflower |
| Eastern North America Woodland | post 500 b.c., mounds and greater reliance on domesticates, cremation, marked increase in pottery |
| Apache | came down from the North to take over the Anasazi |
| Navajo | came down from the North to take over the Anasazi |
| Zuni | modern descendents of the Anasazi |
| Hopi | modern descendents of the Anasazi |
| Pima | modern Native American people living in central Arizona |
| Papago | modern day North American indians who live in Arizona |
| Woodland Period | (post 5000 BC)(some areas post 1000BC)in between archaic hunter gatheres and the Mississipian culture |
| Moundbuilders | constructed various styles of religious mounds for religious and ceremonial purposes, Southeast American cultures |
| Adena Culture | 500 b.c. - 400 a.d., burial mounds, earthworks in square shape, beginning of long distance trade |
| Hopewell Culture | 100-400 a.d., serpent mounds, between .25 and .5 miles long |
| Mississippian Culture | 1000-1500 a.d., based on intense maize horticulture, more storage features, larger and more dense settlements in river valleys, platform mounds, planned and fenced settlements, |
| Southern Cult | a term given to a series of artistic motifs and associated religious beliefs of the Mississippian culture |
| Olmec | 1500-500 b.c., lowland mesoamerica massive stone heads, earthen pyramids, distinctive artistic styles, glyphs |
| Formative Maya | 1400 b.c. - 250 a.d., massive city, six square miles, monumental structures, large residential compounds, long distance trade |
| Classic Maya | 250-850 a.d., political structures of multiple competing kingdoms, calender begins 3114 b.c., divine kingship, stond pyramid temples, astronomy, unique architectural styles |
| Teotihuacan | classic highland mexico, 200 b.c. - 750 a.d., obsidian, more than 5,000 structures, population was around 175,000, pyramid of the sun, avenue of the dead, pyramid of the moon, no ball courts, no writing |
| Toltecs | post classic highland mexico, had a lot of human sacrafices, capital was Tula, much smaller than the Teotihuacan, two ball courts, sculpted columns, Chacmool figures |
| Aztecs | 1200-1521 a.d., derived from chichimecas, chinampas agriculture, picture writing, human sacrafices, Cortez (Spanish ruler) conquered them, last mesoamerican civilization |
| Chavin | 900-1500 b.c., center of a religious cult, used hallucinigens, North coast |
| Pre-ceramic | also known as Caral-Supe, 3000-1800 b.c., pyramids, irrigation, avocado, beans, cotton, possibly quipu |
| Old Kingdom | 3rd dynasty to 6th dynasty |
| New Kingdom | peak of Egypt's power, 1600-1100 b.c. |
| Chichimecas | the culture that the Aztecs derived from |
| Pochteca | long distance traveling merchants of the Aztec empire |
| Caral-Supe | (3000 - 1800 BC) Pyramids, irrigation, avocados, beans, cotton, possibly a quipu, earliest evidence for civilization in South America, state or independent communities? |
| Chimu | 1000-1475 a.d., had a walled city, were taken over the by the Inca |
| Moche | flat topped adobe pyramids, pyramid of the sun and pyramid of the moon, craftsmanship in metal and pottery, irrigation |
| Inca | 1438-1534 a.d., capital was Cuzco, in the Andes, the Incan state started in the Southern islands but then expanded to an empire in 1476 with the conquest of Chimu state, remarkable stonework, oral history, road system, no writing system, Mach picchu |
| Sumerians | created earliest literature, epic of Gilgamesh is an example |
| Mexica | indigenous people of the valley of Mexico, rulers of the Aztec empire, were the Nahua people |
| Tiwanaku | (450 a.d.)a site on the eastern side of the lake in Peru, was an economic and religious force |
| Wari | in the ayachucho valley, highland urban and ceremonial center that stands on a hill |
| Lekson's theory of the Chacoan state | what was found at the Chaco Canyon represents a state political structure |
| Cannibalism in the SW | found flesh in human coprolite, may have used cannibalism as a form of intimidation |
| The case for inter-group violence and raiding in the Anasazi area | groups were raiding one another for food, the groups started building their houses on cliffs for defensive purposes, raiding created warefare between groups |
| The Great drought and its impacts | 1276-1299 a.d., caused the abandonment of the Anasazi |
| The Olmec Horizon | the Olmec state could have been created from the product of conquest or product of trade |
| Childe's Urban Revolution | with civilization came full time labor specialization, and the craft's people making metal pushed society forward by improving farming technology, this allowed societies to produce more food, this created a need for traders, and this created a need for accountants to keep track of surplus, and all of this required leaders to allocate it |
| Boserup's population pressure theory | civilization was just a response to population growth and population pressure |
| The Hydraulic state | created by Karl Wittfogel, the hierarchical power structure of states come from the management needs associated with large scale irrigation |
| Cairnero's theory concerning the organizational requirements of warfare | the hierarchical power structure of states comes from the management needs of warefare |
| Theories of the Mayan collapse | endemic warfare, failed agricultural system, external environmental factors (like droughts and hurricanes) |
| Maritime foundations hypothesis | thins happen in Peru before the New World is because of the tremendously rich frish resource base |
| Patrick Culbert's theory of the Mayan collapse | as the population rose it was hard for the Mayans to have an environment that could produce the agriculture needed to sustain a the population, also all of the agricultural fields were far from the city, so they might not have had enough workers to keep the crops healthy |
| Thomas Lynch | investigated Guittaro Cave |
| Esther Boserup | created the population pressure theory |
| Christy Turner | believed there was interpersonal violence and cannibalism going on in the Southwestern North America, noticed charnel deposits (processed human bones) |
| Tim White | also believed there was interpersonal violence and cannibalism going on in the Southwestern North America, noticed human bones were worn due to the rubbing against pots |
| Steven Lekson | created the theory that Chacao canyon is the center of a state |
| Jonathan Haas | one of the founders of the Caral-Super Pre-ceramic civilization, also noticed signs of violence in the Pueblo 3 period |
| Winnifred Creamer | one of the founders of the Caral-Super Pre-ceramic civilization, also noticed signs of violence in the Pueblo 3 period |
| Coronado | Spanish explorer who shows up not long after the collapse of the Hohokam |
| Quetzalcoatl | a feathered serpent god, worshipped by the Toltecs |
| Narmer | first Egyptian pharaoh (3100 b.c.) |
| King Tut | new kingdom pharaoh |
| V. Gordon Childe | created the "urban revolution" theory |
| Karl Wittfogel | created the hydrolic state theory |
| Robert Carneiro | created the warefare theory (hierarchical power of structure comes from the management needs of warefare) |
| Ruth Shady-Solis | one of the founders of the Caral-Super Pre-ceramic civilization, was the Peruvian one |
| Michael Moseley | created the Maritime foundations hypothesis |
| Michael Coe | studied the Mayan culture |
| Monteczuma | Aztec emperor, was taken over by Cortez |
| John Rick | investigated Chavin |
| Walter Alva | excavated burials by Moche at Sipan |
| Hernan Cortez | a Spanish explorer that conquered Moctezuma |
| Pizarro | conquered the Inca in 1534 |
| Pachacuti | first powerful ruler of the Inca |
| Atahualpa | last ruler of the Incan people |
| Huascar | brother of Atahualpa, wasn't fully Incan, tried to get the empire over Atahualpa |
| Henges | circular ditches |
| Megaliths | large stone structures or groups of standing stones, large contructions involving one or muliple stones |
| Corporate burial mounds | mounds of earth, people were buried in there |
| Buff-colored pottery | (Hohokam) very first type of pottery, orangish |
| Gray pottery | (Anasazi), first truly well made pottery in the Southwest |
| Brown pottery | (Mogollon), often found in pithouses |
| Coprolites | fossilized poop |
| Hearths | the floor of a fireplace |
| Arrow points | used them with atlatls, sometimes they had poisonous tips |
| Pictographs | a picture representing a word or idea |
| Petroglyphs | a rock carving, art is pecked into the rocks |
| Pithouses | semi subterranean house, has post molds for vertical beams holding up a roof |
| Canals | an artificial waterway used to direct water to a certain area |
| Polychrome pottery | multicolored pottery, with a lot more elaborate symbolism |
| Kivas | used by Puebloans, a chamber that is partially or fully under ground, used for religous rights |
| Great kivas | large, round subsurface ceremonial structures, "prehistoric churches" |
| Pueblos | large community built above the ground |
| Great Houses | built by ancestral pueblo people |
| Chaco Roads | the Anasazi built major roads that connected the cities |
| Corrugated pottery | pottery with grooves in it, form of decoration |
| Charnel deposits | deposits of human bones that have been processed the same way that animal bones are |
| Quipu | nets, used to record information in knots |
| Lanzon | name for the most important statue in the Chavin culture in Peru |
| New kingdom tombs | pharaohs and elite would get a burial with riches and they would be buried in a pyramid |
| Monk's Mound | 3rd largest prehistoric structure in the new world, 25,000 people at the height of occupancy |
| Midden | prehistoric garbage/waste |
| Palisade | a fence |
| Atlatl | precursor to the bow and arrow, was like and extended arm |
| Arrow points | sometimes the tips would be dipped in poison |
| Postholes | (postmolds), large holes in the ground where support beams could be inserted |
| Codices | an ancient manuscript text in book form |
| Temples | a building devoted to reglious worship |
| Ball courts | where the ball game was played, which was a game of life and death, prisoners were forced to play, losers would be sacrificed |
| Platform mounds | structures made out of Earth |
| Monumental architecture | architecture forms that symbolize power and authority |
| Urbanism | the lifestyle of city dwellers |
| Writing | a method of storing, manipulating, and sharing information |
| Clay and earthen flat-topped mounds | part of the Hopewell culture, buried to contain sacred objects or graves |
| Ziggurats | stepped pyramids that were temples |
| Huge stone heads | built by the Olmec in Mesoamerica |
| Hieroglyphic script | scripts written in hieroglyphs (symbols) |
| Divine kingship | a state religion where an emperor is worshipped as a demigod |
| Mayan calendar | begins 3114 b.c. |
| Pyramid of the sun | Teotihuacan pyramid, was the biggest one |
| Avenue of the Dead | Teotihuacan road, was one mile long, went through the city |
| Pyramid of the Moon | was a big pyramid at the end of the avenue of the dead |
| Citadel | a square Teotihuacan enclosure with small pyramids along the sides |
| Chinampas | form of agriculture used by the chichimecas in the wetland, is the opposite of irrigation |
| Hieroglyphics | symbols or writing that is hard to decipher |
| Rosetta stone | rock that had 3 different languages on it, all were written about the same passage |
| Pyramid of Khufu | the great pyramid of Giza, oldest and largest of the three pyramids in Giza |
| Cuneiform | writing on clay tablets |
| Obsidian sourcing | a method of tracing ancient exchange by finding out where the toolmaking stone came from and seeing what areas it has shown up in |
| Guitarrero Cave | Andean South America first occupied 8000 BC, by 3000 BC llamas replace deer and rabbits |
| Guila Naquitz | Mesoamerica site, pre-domestication (9000- 6000 BC), Kent Flannery |
| Stonehenge | (ditch 3000 BC, Stone circle 2000 BC), Western Europe, ritual function , time tracking |
| Catal Hoyuk | Turkey 7000 BC prehistoric "apartment complex " doors on roof? Protection, tremendous art on walls, 3D and 2D |
| Poverty Point | Unusual Example of late Archaic site in the Southeast, dates from (1500 - 700 BC), precursor to later monumental construction, no farming, crude pottery |
| Chaco Canyon | Pueblo II Period of Anasazi, Interaction spheres, great houses, roads, planned, communities, great kivas, water control, Pueblo Bonito |
| Mesa Verde | Heavy Occupation of Anasazi Pueblo II period, Yellowjacket Ruin alone has 1800 rooms, housed maybe 2500 people |
| Pueblo Bonito | Located at Chaco Canyon, Anasazi Pubelo II Period, 800 rooms, living space, storage, religious space, D shaped multiple great kivas |
| Snaketown | Late Preclassic Hohokam town, thousands of pithouses, investigated by Haury |
| Tehuacan Valley | (10,000 BC - 1000 AD) MesoAmerica, series of sites, investigated by Richard MacNeish |
| La Venta | Olmec establishment, tombs alters, mosaic floor, possible Olmec writing, jaguar motifs |
| San Lorenzo | Olmec establishment, branches out and takes over nearby establishments, evidence on alter of Maya bounded by Olmec |
| El Mirador | (300 BC - 250 AD) Massive preclassic mayan city, 6 square miles, clear civilization, abandonded by 250 AD |
| Mayapan | last great Maya capital, dates from maya golden era to postclassic, pop 12k people, |
| Tikal | one of the four Mayan capitals, classic mayan era |
| Copan | one of the four Mayan capitals, classic mayan era |
| Palenque | one of the four Mayan capitals, classic mayan era |
| Calakmul | one of the four Mayan capitals, classic mayan era |
| Teotihuacan | (200 BC - 750 AD) Highland Mexico, largest city, obsidian, more than 5000 structures, pop 125-200k people, large pyramids, no ball courts, no writing, city of the gods, evidence for large fires |
| Tula | much smaller than Teotihuacan, two ball courts, sculpted columns, Chacmool figures, 4m warrior stone sculptures, |
| Tenochtitlan | (AD 1200 - 1521) capital of Aztecs, now Mexico City |
| Huaca del Sol | City of the Moche, flat topped adobe pryamids, remanents of thousands of houses, irrigation, pyramid of moon covered in murals, each level shows different people/different styles |
| Sipan | Moche site,produced the richest burial ever found in New World, 1000s of ceramic vessels, skeletons found that look as if thrown off pyramids, art suggesting sacrafice |
| Cusco | Capital of Inca, elevation 11,500 feet in the Andes, |
| Macchu Pichu | "Lost City of the Incans" located 7970 feet above se level, most archaeologists believe that it was built as an estate for the Incan emperor Pachacuti |
| Sacsayhuaman | ... |
| Uribamba River | Inca Sacred Valley |
| Giza | Egyptian Pyramid of Khufu, largest pyramid 2600 BC, capital city of Old Kingdom, population about 30,000 |
| Cahokia | Missouri, Mississippian culture, huge city, 25k people, Monk's Mound, 3rd largest prehistoric structure in New World, mound 72, 50 women laid out sacrafice |
| Serpent Mound | Hopewell Culture, mound in shape of serpent |
| Mesopotamia | Oldest civilizations in the world, irrigation system (6000-5000 BC), plow (4000 BC) , world's first writing (3400 BC), the wheel (4000 BC) |
| Ur | ... |
| El Paraiso | (2000-1500 BC) South America, site which is the basis for the debate on the Marintime Foundation hypothesis |
| Monte Verde | Initial colonization in South America (14000 BP) |
| Chichen itza | (600 - 1200 AD) large Mayan civilization, center of political, economic, religious, and military power |
| Chavin de Huantar | (900 BC - 200 BC) center of apparent religious cult, sinister motifs, use of hallucinogens, no evidence for people living at temples, temples where initiates would come to be converted |
| Templo Major at Tenochtitlan | one of the main temples at Tenochtitlan, dedicated simultaneously two gods, god of rain and god of war, each of which had a seprate staircase and shrine on top |
| Uruk | First City (3600 - 3000 BC) monumental architecture (ziggurats) craft specialization, pronounced social differentiation, record keeping, metallurgy |
| San Jose Mogote | oldest permanent agricultural villages in Oaxaca , produced Mexico's oldest know defensive palisades and ceremonial buidlings (1300 BC), site of the Zapotec |
| Monte Alban | Zapotec socio-political and economic center for close to a thousand years, civic center situated atop an artificially leveld ridge, with an elevation of 6400 feet |
| San Bartolo | Mayan site, late preclasic mural paintings heavily influenced by Olmec tradition, site includes 85 foot pyramid |
| Hohokam Early Preclassic | (AD 200-750), first pottery, blain buff colored, reliance on corn and squash, corn agriculture widely spread, many storage pits, formal deep pithouses, dozens of pithouses in single locations, arrow points, bow and arrow |
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