AP U.S. History Unit 4: The Age of Jackson
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Mainsoccerbio on December 3, 2011
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Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Era of Good Feelings | -During Monroe's Presidency -Wanted to encourage good feelings -Wanted to assert American Power on the World Stage -Result: Panic of 1819 |
| Panic of 1819 | -Ended Era of Good Feelings -Caused by inflation, easy credit from banks, and massive land speculation in the West -Result: Westerners hate bank and many people lost their jobs and the government tightened credit in loans and fueling mortgages resulted in 5-6 years of depression |
| Missouri Compromise | -Allowed Missouri to be a slave state in exchange for Maine to be a free state and that any state north of the 36 30' border line would have no slavery |
| McCullough v Maryland | -"Power to tax, power to kill." (1819) -States cannot tax the U.S. Bank |
| Cohens v Virginia | -Supreme Court can review state court decisions (1821) |
| Gibbons v Ogden | -The "Steamboat" Case (1824) -Federal government is in charge of interstate trade |
| Fletcher v Peck | -A corrupt contract is still a contract (1810) |
| Dartmouth College v Woodward | -Ended with the ruling of saving sanctity of charters (1819) |
| Florida Purchase Treaty | -Andrew Jackson's unauthorized invasion into Florida (1819) -Won Florida by us exchanging money and some claims for Texas to gain the rest of Florida |
| Monroe Doctrine | -President policy that states no more colonization or intervention in the Western Hemisphere (1823) |
| Rise of Jacksonian Democracy | -Many reforms such as school, women's rights, improving working conditions, and the increase in the Abolition movement. (1820s-1830s) -Jackson is referred to as the "Common Man." |
| Election of 1824 | -All 5 running candidates are Republicans -Calhoun withdrew and ran for VP -Jackson won both the popular and electoral voters -Henry Clay dropped out and supported Adams and with his support John Quincy Adams becomes president. |
| Corrupt Bargain | -Henry Clay backed out of the Election of 1824 and supported Adams which led to Adams becoming president (1825) -Adams made Clay his VP as a result -Andrew Jackson and his fellow "Jacksonians," believed Jackson was cheated from the presidency and called this a "Corrupt Bargain." -Caused a split between the Republican party. National Republicans (Adams) and Democratic Republicans (Jackson). |
| Election of 1828 | -Adams v.s Jackson -West established a sense of power when the results of the political center of gravity gradually shifting more West. -Jackson won the election. |
| Spoils System | -Supporters rewarded with government jobs. (1829) |
| Tariff of 1828 | -Known as the "Tariff of Abominations," in the south. -Purpose of Tariff: To protect the North industry. The tariff was specifically on cheap international goods. -Hurts the South who had to import those materials they did not produce. |
| The Eaton Affair | -Mrs. Eaton remarried to John Eaton after his suicide. Eaton was a member of Jackson's cabinet who same many wives shunned Mrs. Eaton, which included John Calhoun's wife. -Jackson took this personally. (1829) -Martin Van Buren's wife, however, did not shun Mrs. Eaton; therefore, Jackson liked Martin Van Buren much better and it was pretty much the deciding factor that Martin Van Buren will be the next president following Jackson and not Calhoun. |
| Webster-Hayne Debate | -Webster v.s Hayne (1830) -Debate over protection tariffs. -Webster (MA) Favored protection tariffs. -Hayne (SC) Did not favor protection tariffs. |
| Nullification Crisis | -Began with the Tariff of 1832. (1832-33) -Senator of SC, John Calhoun, despised the Tariff of 1832 and threatened succession. -Jackson responds by creating the Force Bill in 1833. -Force Bill does not have to be used, because Henry Clay makes his Second Great Compromise and it was called the Compromise Tariff of 1833. |
| Force Bill | -Gives any President the authority to send an army to any area and force them to pay a tariff. (1833) |
| Jackson and Indian Removal | -Signed into law by Andrew Jackson in 1830. (1820s-1830s) -Southern states supported this law since they wanted to move into new territories and to specifically ease tension in Georgia. -This forced relocation of the Indians moving to the West is called the "Trail of Tears." |
| Jackson vetoes the Bank | -Vetoed Second Bank of the U.S. (1832) -Reason: Jackson wanted to destroy it, because he sees it as a monopoly and he believes that the Bank is only an instrument of the wealthy. |
| Election of 1832 | -Andrew Jackson v.s. Henry Clay (Whig) v.s. William Wart (Anti-Masonic) -First election with a national nominating convention. -Main issue: Re-charter of the Second Bank of the U.S. -Masons: A semi-secret society devoted to libertarian principles. -Anti Masons: Reaction against the "elitism," of the Masons. -Jackson won the election. |
| Jackson kills the Bank | -Andrew Jackson wanted to support his "soft-faction" people in the West and South who voted for him by not renewing the Second U.S. Bank's charter, which would expire in 1836. (1833-1836) -Head of the Second U.S. Bank: Nicholas Biddle -Jackson moved the federal government's money out of the Second U.S. Bank and into several different "wildcat banks." -Biddle's radical tactics ended his chance of winning a charter of the Second U.S. Bank. -Result: Panic of 1837 (During Martin Van Buren's presidency) |
| Specie Circular | -Requirement made by Andrew Jackson in 1836 for all payments of land to be in gold and silver. (1836) |
| Panic of 1837 | -Financial crisis brought on by banks demanding payments of land to be in gold in silver (specie circular) and over speculation. -Result: 5 years of bank failures and unemployment and Martin Van Buren is looked down upon as the president during this time; therefore, people started calling him "Martin Van Ruin." |
| Divorce Bill | -Also known as the Independent Treasury Bill. (1840) -States the government's "divorce" from the bank. -This created the Treasury. |
| Texas Revolution | -Armed conflict between Mexico and settlers in Texas. (1836) -Caused by Mexican President Lopez abolished the Constitution of 1824 and proclaimed the more centralizing Constitution of 1835 in its place. -Result: Laws are unpopular in Mexico, which led to violence and secession movements in Mexican states. |
| Immigration of the 1840s-1850s | -Number one cause was birth rate -Other main causes are major settlements from the Irish and the Germans. -Irish significance: Brought over Roman Catholicism and made "machine" politics. -German significance: Brought over Amish religions. -Nativism was introduced which was the support for the temperance movement which was created by the American "Know-Nothing Party." |
| Know-Nothing Party | -Created by Nativism -Originally called the American party. (1850s) -Significance: Contributed to the collapse of the existing party system and the creation of new national political alignments. |
| Eli Whitney | -Invented Cotton Gin -Importance: Brought prosperity to North and South; however, the South chained the cotton gin to "King Cotton," and slavery. -Popularized interchangeable parts -Result: Created the basis for mass production and the assembly line. |
| Lowell System | -Paternalistic textile factory system in Massachusetts that employed young women from New England farms to increase efficiency, productivity, and profits. (1820s-30s) |
| Cult of Domesticity | -Glorification of the homemaker (Early 19th century) -Created Domestic Feminism which stated that the women controlled the house to assort influence. |
| Technology and the Western farmer | -Western farmers could profit now with the growing manufacturing developments such as the steal plow and McCormick mower-reaper.(1830s) -Result: Led to expansion and cash crop farms. The flourishing farms in the West was why they were given the nickname of the Nation's "Bread Basket." |
| National (Cumberland) Road | -First road made by federal government money (Started 1811, Completed in 1852) -Went from Cumberland, Maryland to Vandalia, Illinois |
| The Clermont | -First steamboat used for American purposes. -Showed commercial viability by strengthening migration and trade. -Vital to the West and South due to it speeding overseas travel and trade. |
| Erie Canal | -Completed in 1825, this was a state built canal that was very profitable due to it revolutionizing America by trade and migration. -Main East-West link. -Results: Urbanization of Great Lakers, formation of the Great American port in NYC, more industrialization in the Northeast, and it created canal-breakers. |
| Early Railroads | -B.O. Railroad (1st railroad) (1830s-1850s) -Advantages: Faster, cheaper, more versatile, and it would be most significant to continental economy. -Obstacles: Opposition from canal breakers, and it was dangerous and unreliable. |
| Transportation Revolution | -Population increase created things like the National (Cumberland) Road as well as canals, steamboats, and railroads. (Early 19th century) |
| Market Revolution | -Act of producing goods to buy instead goods to buy instead of making them for oneself. (Early 19th century) -Result: More market-oriented economy with a national network of income/commerce. |
| Second Great Awakening | -A series of religious revivals. (Early 19th century) -Stressed a religious philosophy of salvation through good deeds and tolerance for all Protestant sections. -Revivals attracted women, blacks, and Native Americans -Result: Promoted many reform movements to reform the social evils of society. |
| Mormons | -Created by the "Burned-over district," with New York and Joseph Smith in 1830. (1830s-1850s) -They then made a massive migration to Utah in the 1840s and Brigham Young was their leader after Smith died. |
| Horace Mann | -Education Reform (1830s-1840s) -He pushed for universal public education which would turn students into disciplined republican citizens with traditional American morals and values. -He made more tax-supported schools, paid to have better facilities and to pay teachers better, and extend the curriculum and the school year. |
| Higher education for women | -Horace Mann's education reform sprouts women's education. (1820s-1830s) -Result: Women being able to go into education as a result. |
| Dorthea Dix | -Led Prison Reform (1840s) -She altered public's perception against the debtor's prisons, capital, and corporal punishment. -Better treatment of the mentally ill by making them penitentiaries or otherwise known as "houses of correction." -Result: Led to reformatories and correctional facilities. |
| Temperance | -Movement that had the belief that alcohol is the root of many evils in society (1820s-1850s) -This movement was created to spread abstinence from alcohol. |
| Seneca Falls | -First Women's Rights Convention (1848) -Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton were the leaders who organized this convention. |
| Oneida Community | -Founded by Noyes, in 1848, who believed in religious perfectionism. -Practice communalism in which all of the possessions were shared and also practiced complex marriage in which the whole community was married to each other. |
| Hudson River School | -Founded by Thomas Cole in 1825. (1825-1880) -First native school of landscape painting in the U.S. attracted artists rebelling against the neoclassical tradition. |
| Knickerbockers | -A group of Romantics that were made up by Irving, Cooper, and Bryant. -Purpose: To use as much American literature as possible and to make American literature prominent throughout the world. |
| Transcendentalist | -A 19th century movement which held that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition. (1830s-1840s) |
| Edgar Allan Poe | -Literary Critic/Author/Poet (1820s-1850s) -The founder of the detective genre and sparked horror and emotional tension. |
| Nathaniel Hawthorne | -Anti-Transcendentalist leader (1820s-1850s) -Descendant of Puritan settlers. -Wrote books on how he did not like Brook Farm after having the experience of living in Brook Farm before and expression his hatred towards utopias. -He wrote the Scarlet Letter that shows the hypocrisy and insensitivity of New England Puritans by showing their cruelty towards a woman who has commit the crime of adultery. |
| Herman Melville | -American Anti-Transcendentalist writer who wrote Moby-Dick in 1851. (1820s-1850s) |
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