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Three types of muscle tissue
| skeletal, cardiac and smooth |
muscle_fiber
| an elongated contractile cell that forms the muscles of the body |
myofibril
| one of many contractile filaments that make up a striated muscle fiber |
actin
| one of the proteins into which actomyosin can be split |
synapse
| the junction between two neurons (axon-to-dendrite) or between a neuron and a muscle |
Motor unit
| One motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it is connected to |
extensor
| a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part |
flexar
| muscle that bends a joint |
peristalis
| wavelike movement by which the alimentary tract moves its contents |
fossils
| the preserved trace, imprint, or remains of a plant or animal |
strata
| The most noticeable feature of Sedimentary rock is its layers, or this. |
catastrophism
| belief in rapid geological and biological change |
natural_selection
| a natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment |
artificial selection
| Humans have modified other species over many generations by selecting and breeding individuals that possess desired traits |
homology
| the quality of being similar or corresponding in position or value or structure or function |
homologous structures
| Structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry. |
vestigal structures
| nonfunctional structures in an organism that are a remnant of structures that were functional in some ancestral form of the organism |
continental_drift
| the gradual movement and formation of continents (as described by plate tectonics) |
Pangaea
| (plate tectonics) a hypothetical continent including all the landmass of the earth prior to the Triassic period when it split into Laurasia and Gondwanaland |
endemic
| native to or confined to a certain region |
seed
| embryo with food supply surrounded by protective covering? |
ovule
| a small or immature ovum |
sporangia
| multicellular organs that produce spores |
Monocots
| A clade consisting of flowering plants that have one embryonic seed leaf, or cotyledon. |
Dicots
| A term traditionally used to refer to flowering plants that have two embryonic seed leaves, or cotyledons. |
vascular_tissue
| tissue that conducts water and nutrients through the plant body in higher plants |
xylem
| Vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from roots to the rest of the plant. |
tracheids
| long, skinny type of xylem found in all vascular plants. |
flower
| reproductive organ of angiosperm plants especially one having showy or colorful parts |
stamens
| the male reproductive structures |
filament
| the stalk of a stamen |
anther
| the part of the stamen that contains pollen |
stigma
| sticky part of the pistil that captures pollen grains |
style
| stalk that connects the stigma to the ovary |
pericarp
| the thickened wall of a fruit, used to be the ovary. |
double fertilization
| unique to angiosperms, term used to describe one sperm fusing with the egg, while the other fuses with two nuclei in the large central cell of the famale gametophyte. |
cotyledons
| the stored food inside one or two seed leaves. |
endosperm
| nutritive tissue surrounding the embryo within seeds of flowering plants |
Myosin
| A type of protein filament that interacts with actin filaments to cause cell contraction. |
origin
| where a muscle attaches at a join that doesn't move when the muscle contracts |
insertion
| where a muscle attaches to a join that DOES move when the muscle contracts |
extensor
| a skeletal muscle whose contraction extends or stretches a body part |
Uniformitarianism
| The theory that earth's features are the result of long-term process that continue to operate in the present as they did in the past |
convergent evolution
| when two or more species NOT descended from a common ancestor develop similar traits |
transformation
| a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of external DNA by a cell |
bacteriophages
| viruses that infect bacteria |
semiconservative model
| Type of DNA replication in which the replicated double helix consists of one old strand, derived from the old molecule, and one newly made strand. |
Primer
| short RNA segment-5 nucleotides-begins replication |
primase
| an enzyme called _____ can start an RNA chain from scratch. it joins RNA nucleotides together one at a time, making a primer complementary to the template strand at the location where initiation of the new DNA strand will occur |
Primase
| enzyme that produces primers |
DNA Polymerase
| the principal enzyme involved in DNA replication |
leading strand
| the new continuous complementary DNA strand synthesized along the template strand in the mandatory 5' --> 3' direction |
lagging strand
| the discontinuously synthesized DNA strand that elongates in a direction away from the replication fork |
DNA ligase
| an enzyme that eventually joins the sugar-phosphate backbones of the Okazaki fragments |
mismatch pair
| a situation in which enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors |
telomere
| either (free) end of a eukaryotic chromosome |
Nucleoid
| A dense region of DNA in Prokaryotic cells |
Histones
| The proteins in a cell that DNA winds around |
transcription
| The copying of a genetic message from a strand of DNA into a molecule of RNA. |
mRNA
| A type of RNA that carries instructions for making a protein from a gene. |
triplet_code
| the normal version of the genetic code in which a sequence of three nucleotides codes for the synthesis of a specific amino acid |
promoter
| signal in DNA that indicates to enzymes where to bind to make DNA |
terminator
| sequence of bases that tells RNA polymerase to stop transcription |
transcription unit
| a region of a DNA molecule that is transcribed into an RNA molecule |
5 cap
| when pre-mRNA is modified the 5 primed end is synthesized first; it is a modified form of a guanine nucleotide |
PolyA tail
| After an mRNA is transcribed from a gene, the cell adds a stretch of A residues (typically 50-200) to its 3' end. |
introns
| a non-coding, intervening sequence within a eukaryotic gene |
exons
| a region of a gene that is expressed |
snRNP
| small nuclear ribonucleoproteins |
tRNA
| The type of RNA that binds to specific amino acids and transports them to the ribosome during protein synthesis |
wobble
| The relaxation of base-pairing rules for the third base of a codon and the corresponding tRNA codon |
P site
| holds the tRNA that carries the growing polypeptide |
e site
| the exit site where discharged tRNAs leave the ribosome |
a site
| holds the tRNA that carries the next amino acid to be added to the chain |
Point mutation
| A change in a gene at a single nucleotide pair. |
insertion
| mutation where an extra base is added |
Deletion
| A mutational loss of one or more nucleotide pairs from a gene. |
frameshift mutation
| mutation that occurs when a single base is added or deleted from DNA; causes a shift in the reading of codons by one base. |
mutagen
| any agent (physical or environmental) that can induce a genetic mutation or can increase the rate of mutation |
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