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states of matter The physical forms of matter, which include solid, liquid, and gas solid state of matter in which the volume and shape of the substance are fixed crystalline have very orderly 3 dimensional arrangement of particles amorphous are made of particles that do not have a special arrangement liquid state of matter that has a definite volume, but not a definite shape surface tension the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface viscosity the resistance of a gas or liquid to flow gas A state of matter with no definite shape or volume temperature measure of how hot or cold something is; specifically a measure of the movement of particles volume a measure of the size of a body or region in three-dimensional space pressure the amount of force exerted per unit area of a surface Boyle's law law that states that the volume of a gas is inversly proportional to the pressure of a gas when the temperature is constant Charles Law the law that states that for a fixed amount of gas at a constant pressure, the volume of the gas increases as the temperature of the gas increases and the volume of the gas decreases as the temperature of the gas decreases change of state the change of a substance from one physical state to another melting the change of state in which a solid becomes a liquid by adding energy freezing point the temperature below which a liquid turns into a solid evaporation the change of a substance from a liquid to a gas boiling the conversion of a liquid to a vapor when the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the atmospheric pressure vapor pressure the pressure caused by the collisions of this vapor and the walls of the container boiling point the temperature at which a liquid boils at sea level condensation change of state from a gas to a liquid sublimation the process in which a solid changes directly into a gas Science knowledge obtained by observing natural events and conditions in order to discover facts and formulate laws or principles that can be tested Types of Scientists Zoologist, Geochemist, Mechanic, Oceanographer, Volcanologist Zoologist A person who studies live animals. Geochemist A person who specializes in the study of rocks, minerals, and soil. Mechanic They work on everything from cars to space shuttles, they use science to solve problems and they try to find ways to improve machines. Oceanographer A person who studies the ocean. Some study the waves and ocean and others study plants and animals that live in the ocean Volcanologist A person who studies volcanoes Scientific Methods a series of problem steps followed to solve problems: Make Observations, Form Hypothesis, Make Predictions, Test the Hypothesis, Collect Data, Analyze the results, and draw conclusions hypothesis an explanation that is based on prior scientific research or observations and that can be tested controlled experiment an experiment that tests only one factor at a time by using a comparison of a control group with an experimental group variable a factor that changes in an experiment in order to test a hypothesis independent variable the experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied dependent variable the outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable model a pattern, plan, representation or description designed to show the structure or workings of an object, system, or concept three major types of models are: physical, mathematical and conceptual physical models models that are made of materials and that can be touched and measured; engineers construct scale physical models to test a structure before building it. mathematical model can be made up if numbers, equations, and other forms of data Conceptual models a written description of diagram based on ideas and observations that are used to describe how a process or object works; Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation theory an explanation that ties together many hypothesis and observations law a summary of many experimental results and observations; a law tells how things work Tools for Measuring Graduated cylinder, thermometer, meterstick, balance, spring scale meter a basic unit of length in the SI Area a measure of the size of a surface or region mass a measure of the amount of matter in an object volume a measure of the size of a body or region in a three- dimensional space density the ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume of the substance matter anything that has mass and takes up space volume a measure of the size of a body or region in three- dimensional space meniscus the curve at a liquid's surface by which one measures the volume of the liquid mass a measure of the amount of matter in an object weight a measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of teh object in the universe inertia the tendency of an object to resist being moved or, of the object is moving, to resist change in speed or direction until the outside force acts on the object physical property A characteristic of a substance that does not involve a chemical change, such as density, color, or hardness. physical change a change of matter from one form to another without a change in chemical properties chemical property A property of matter that describes a substance's ability to participate in chemical reactions. chemical change a change that occurs when one or more substances change into entirely new substances with different properties element a pure substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means pure substances a sample of matter; either a single element or a single compound, that has defiant chemical and physical properties metal an element that is shiny and that is shiny and that conducts heat and electricity well nonmetal an element that conducts heat and electricity poorly metalloid an element that has properties of both metals and nonmetals compound a substance made up of atoms of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds mixture a combination of two or more substance that are not chemically combined solution in a solution the substance that dissolves in the solvent solvent in a solution the substance in which the solute dissolves soluble able to dissolve insoluble unable to dissolve concentration the amount of a particular substance in a given quantity of a mixture, solution, or ore solubility the ability of one substance to dissolve in another at a given temperature and pressure suspension a mixture in which particles of a material are more or less evenly dispersed throughout a liquid or gas colloid a mixture consisting of tiny particles that are intermediate in size between those in solutions and those in suspensions and that are suspended in a liquid, solid, or gas Alloys are solid solutions of metals or nonmetals dissolved in metals