Ludwig Biology Lab Exam 2
Order by
72 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 sporopollenin | a layer of durable polymer that prevents exposed zygotes from drying out. a similar chemical adaptation is found in the tough sporopollenin walls that encase the spores of plants. |
| phragmoplast | microtubules that form between daughter nuclei of a dividing cell. cell plate develops in the center of phragmoplast |
| alternation of generations | the alternation between two generations of multicellular organisms: gametophytes and sporophytes. 5 stages: 1. the gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis 2. two gametes unite (fertilization) and form a diploid zygote. 3. the zygote develops into a multicellular kiploid sporophyte. 4. the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis. 5. the spores develop into multicellular haploid gametophytes. |
| gametophytes | the multicellular haploid that produces haploid gametes by mitosis |
| sporophyte | the multicellular diploid resulting from mitosis of a zygote. the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis |
| spores | produced by meiosis from mature sporophyte |
| placental transfercells | enhance the transfer of nutrients through elaborate ingrowths of the wall suface(plasma membrane in cell wall) |
| embryophytes | alternate name for land plants that refers to their shared derived trait of multicellular dependent embryos |
| sprorangia | produce spores. multicellular organs |
| sporocytes | the diploid cell within a sporangium. undergo meiosis to generate haploid spores. |
| gamentagia | multicellular plant structure in which gametes are formed |
| archegonia | female gamete producing structure |
| antherida | male gamete producing structure |
| apical meristems | localized regions of cell division at the tips of roots and shoots |
| cuticle | waxy covering of the surface of stems and leaves that prevent desiccation in terrestrial plants. |
| vascular tissue | plant tissue consisting of cells joined into tubes that transport water and nutrients throughout the plant body. |
| vascular plants | plants that have a complex vascular tissue system. |
| bryophytes | an informal name for a moss, liverwort, or horn wort. a non vascular plant that lives on land but lacks some of the terrestrial adaptations of vascular plants. |
| lycophytes | seedless vascular plant. an informal name for a member of the phylum lycophyta. includes club mosses spike mosses and quilworts. |
| seed | embryo packaged with a supply of nutrients in a protective coat. gymnosperms and angiosperms. |
| pterophytes | seedless vascular plants. ferns and relatives |
| gymnosperm | vascular naked seed plants. such as conifers. seeds not enclosed by chambers. |
| angiosperm | seeds enclosed by ovaries. |
| bryophyta | phylum consisting solely of mosses....bryophytes are all non vascular plants. |
| hepatophyta | liverworts. non vascular. bryophytes |
| anthocerophyta | hornworts. non vascular. bryophytes |
| protenema | one cell thick germinating moss spores. has large surface area that enhances absorption of water and minerals. |
| gametophore | the haploid protemata produces buds that divide by mitosis and grow into gametophores. |
| rhizoids | long tubular single cells that anchore gametophytes. DO NOT CONDUCT WATER |
| foot | absorbs nutrients from the gametophyte. embedded in the archegonium. |
| seta | stalk that conducts nutrients to sporangium |
| capsule | spore generating chamber, uses nutrients received from seta. |
| peristome | upper part of the capsule. a ring of interlocking teeth. open when dry and close when moist. |
| stomata | specialized spores found in all vascular plants as well as moss and hornwort sporophytes. |
| peat | deposits of partially decayed organic material |
| sorus or sori | the cluster of sporangium on the underside of the sporophytes reproductive leaves |
| xylem | conducts water up |
| phloem | distribute sugar, amino acid, and other organic products. |
| tracheids | tubules that carry water up within xylem |
| lignin | polymer that strengthens water conducting cells |
| roots | absorb water and nutrients |
| leaves | increase area of the plant body and serve as the primary photosynthetic organ of vascular plants. |
| microphylls | small usually spine shaped leaves supported by a single strand of vascular tissue. |
| megaphylls | leaves with a highly branched vascular system |
| sporophylls | modified leaves that bear sporangia. |
| strobili | groups of sporophylls that are cone like in structure |
| homosporous | one type of sporangium that produces one type of spore which usually develops into a bisexual gametophyte, as in most ferns. |
| heterosporous | has two types of sporangia and produces two kinds of spores: megasporangia on microsporophylls produce megaspores, which develop into female gametophytes; micosporangia on microsporophylls produce the comparatively smaller microspores, which develop into male gametophytes. all seed plants and few seedless vascular plants are heterosporous |
| megaspores | develop into female gametophytes |
| microspores | develop into male gametophytes |
| yeast | single cell fungus that reproduces asexually by binary fission or by the pinching of small buds off a parent cell. some species exhibit cell fusion between different mating types. |
| hyphae | filaments that make up the bodies and mycelium of a fungus |
| chitin | stong, flexible nitrogen-containing polysaccharide. make up cell walls of fungi |
| mycelium or mycelia | interwoven stands of hyphae forming a fungi mass. white stuff that grows in mulch &at |
| mycorrhizae | mutualistic association of plant roots and fungus |
| plasmogamy | sharing cytoplasm or fusion of cytoplasm |
| heterokaryon | different nuclei |
| dikaryotic | two nuclei |
| karyogamy | haploid nuclei contibuted by the two parents fuse, producing diploid cells. |
| molds | fungi that reproduce asexually by growing as filamentous fungi that produce haploid spores by mitosis. |
| fungi | heterotrophs, feed by absoption, three diverse life cycles: decomposers, mutualists, parasite |
| majority of fungi life cycle | haploid, |
| zygomycetes | exhibit great diversity, they are mold parasites and comensal sybionts of animals (share mutually benefitting relationship) also known as rhizopus, asexual and sexual reproduction, + and - mating types. |
| zygosporangium | the structure formed as a result of plasmogamy, sporangium is derived from this |
| ascomycetes | produce sexual spores in a sac like feature called asci or ascus(singular). called sac fungi or cup fungi. grow on bark. yeast. most grow ascocarps. plants pathogens, |
| asci or ascus(singular) | hold eight spores during sexual reproduction |
| ascocarps | fruiting bodies, bright colors, contain spore-forming asci. spore container |
| conidia | are spores produced at the tip of specialized hypae as opppossed to inside the sporangia, asexual spores, as with bread mold |
| paraphyses | sterile, keep asci standing up, in between each ascus |
| basidiomycetes | puff balls, shelf fungi, club fungi, most are decomposers of wood. mutualistic and parasitic. very common |
| basidium | reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms |
| basidiocarps | fruiting bodies, the mushrooms themselves |
First Time Here?
Welcome to Quizlet, a fun, free place to study. Try these flashcards, find others to study, or make your own.