Anatomy and Physiology
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onetimething123 on December 3, 2011
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168 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Epithelial tissue | Covers body surfaces and lines body cavities |
| Connective tissue | binds and supports body parts, protection, fills spaces, produce blood cells and stores fat. |
| Muscular tissue | Moves the body and its parts |
| Nervous tissue | Receives stimuli and conducts nerve impulses |
| Cell-tissue-organ-organ system-organism | ... |
| Collagen fibers | Contain collagen which is a protein that gives them flexibility and strength |
| Reticular fibers | Very thin collagen fibers that form delicate supporting networks |
| Elastic fibers | Contain elastin which is a protein that is not as strong as collagen, but is more elastic |
| chemical bond | the force that holds two atoms together |
| 112 elements | ... |
| 96% of body is weight is composed of | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, and Nitrogen |
| Protons | small, positively charged particles that are found in the nucleus of an atom |
| Electrons | negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus |
| Covalent Bonds | a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule |
| Polar-covelant bonds | The electrons spend more time closer to oxygen then to the hydrogens, resulting in a partial negative charge on the oxygen, and a partial positive charge on the hydrogens. |
| Ionic Bonds | The gaining and losing of electrons to form IONS, When positive and negative charges attract |
| Hydrogen Bond | a chemical bond consisting of a hydrogen atom between two electronegative atoms (e.g., oxygen or nitrogen) with one side be a covalent bond and the other being an ionic bond |
| Water is a solvent | ... |
| Synthesis Reactions | Two or more small molecules combine to form a larger one. A+B = AB |
| Decomposition Reactions | complex substances are broken up into simpler substances (AB -> A+B) |
| Exchange Reactions | Two molecules exchange atoms or groups of atoms AB+CD - ABCD - AC+BD |
| Reversible Reactions | chemical reactions are reversible; A + B <-----> AB |
| Potential energy | Stored energy that could do work |
| Kinetic energy | Energy that is doing work |
| Mechanical energy | the form of energy associated with the position and motion of an object |
| Chemical energy | that part of the energy in a substance that can be released by a chemical reaction |
| Acid | Proton donor 0-7 |
| Base | Proton acceptor - OH, 7-14 |
| Monosaccharides | Simple sugars- Glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharide | 2 monosaccharides joined covalently Sucrose (glucose and fructose), lactose (glucose and galactose), maltose (2 glucose) |
| Polysaccharide | Numerous monosaccharides joined covalently, glycogen, starch |
| Phospholipids | head- polar tail- nonpolar |
| Nucleotides | 5-Carbon Sugar Phosphate group attached to one end of sugar, and Nitrogenous base attached to other end of sugar |
| DNA | Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine, Adenine |
| RNA | Guanine, Cytosine, Ribose, Uracil |
| hypotonic | having a lower concentration of solute than another solution; Hippo |
| isotonic | (used of solutions) having the same or equal osmotic pressure |
| hypertonic | (of a solution) having a higher osmotic pressure than a comparison solution; shrink |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | System of internal membranes within the cytoplasm. Membranes are rough due to the presence of ribosomes. functions in transport of substances such as proteins within the cytoplasm |
| Smooth ER | ER that has no ribosomes |
| Mitochondrion | Form ATP aerobically, Double membrane sac-like, ** Powerhouse of the cell |
| Cell membrane | selectively permeable to some molecules and ion, Not permeable to proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules. |
| Facilitated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| active transport | diffusion means no energy, everything goes from high concentration to low concentration across a membrane |
| Osmosis | is the movement of water. No energy either. |
| Passive transport | movement down a concentration gradient. Does not require metabolic energy (ATP) |
| Active transport | Net movement against a concentration gradient. Requires ATP. |
| Diffusion | process by which molecules tend to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| Transcription | formation of mRNA |
| Translation | involves mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA; specifies the order of amino acids in a polypeptide/protein |
| Anabolic reactions | Synthesis of molecules |
| Catabolic reactions | Breakdown of molecules |
| Cell membrane | Protective barrier between interior of cell and extracellular fluid |
| Nucleus | Contains genes that regulate protein synthesis |
| Cytoplasm | Fluid portion of cell Contains organelles (mitochondria) |
| Enzymes | Catalysts that regulate the speed of reactions, Are not changed at the end of the reaction, -ase |
| Carbohydrates (4kcal/g) Fats (9kcal/g) Proteins (4kcal/g) | ... |
| Anaerobic | Do not involve O2, glycolysis |
| Aerobic pathways | Require O2, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), Electron transport chain |
| integumentary system | Covers the entire surface of the body Largest organ in the body |
| hyperdermis | ... |
| Dermis | Made of dense, irregular, connective tissue, Elastic Fibers stretch to allow movement of muscles and joints, Hair follicles, Sebaceous (oil) glands, thermal regulation, electrolyte loss |
| hypodermis | Composed of loose connective tissue Energy storage Insulation |
| Epidermis | stratified squamous epithelium |
| Stratum Corneum | superficial, dead cells |
| Stratum Lucidum | Merkel cells, Melanocytes |
| stratum granulosum | Consists of keratinocytes and tonofilaments |
| stratum spinosum | a layer of the epidermis that provides strength and flexibility to the skin |
| stratum basale | deepest layer, stem cells capable of undergoing cell division to form new cells |
| epidermis- dermis- hypodermis | ... |
| Apocrine Glands | Dermis, Open into hair follicles in anal region, groin, and armpits, Begin to secrete at puberty, Mammary glands are modified apocrine glands |
| Eccrine sweat glands | Dermis, Open onto surface of skin Active when body heats up; helps lower body temperature, Sweat (perspiration) is mostly water, but also excretes |
| Sebaceous glands | Dermis, hair follicle, Lubricates and waterproofs hair and skin Weakens or kills bacteria on skin surface |
| Eczema | inflammation of the skin |
| Melanoma | malignant |
| Wound healing | A blood clot forms White blood cells and fibroblasts move to the injured area Fibroblasts pull the margins of the wound together and promote tissue regeneration The basal layer of the epidermis produces new cells Proliferating fibroblasts form a scar |
| First degree burn | Only epidermis affected Redness and pain No blisters or swelling occurs |
| Second degree burn | Extends through entire epidermis and part of the dermis, Redness, pain, and blistering, 25% or more of the patient's body |
| Third degree burn | Destroys entire thickness of the skin Surface of wound is leathery and may be brown, tan, black, white, or red Patient feels no pain face, hands, or feet. |
| Fourth degree burn | involve tissues down to the bone |
| Skeletal System | support, protection of soft tissues; mineral storage; blood formation |
| Diaphysis | The shaft of a long bone, endosteum yellow marrow |
| Epiphysis | the end of a long bone, red marrow |
| Short bone | confined spaces like the wrist and ankle |
| Flat | functions are protection, surface for muscle attachment, and location: around organ cavities, shoulder girdle examples: ribs, scapula, cranium |
| Irregular | vertebrae, facial bones, hyoid bone |
| Osteocytes | mature bone cells |
| Osteoclasts | break down, active in growth, healing and remodelling |
| Spongy Tissue | ... |
| Compact Tissue | Osteon lamellae central canal lacunae canaliculi lacunae |
| Hyoid Bone | supports the tongue and provides muscle attachments |
| Cervical Vertebrae | atlas and axis are unique and provide "yes" and "no" articulations |
| coccyx | 'tailbone' |
| true rib | 7 pairs; attach directly to the sternum by hyaline cartilage |
| false ribs | 5 false (2 of these floating) |
| Pectoral Girdle | attaching to sternum anteriorly, non-weight bearing, provides muscle attachment and mobility |
| "Collarbone" (Clavicle) | Connects to the axial skeleton at the sternoclavicular joint |
| "Shoulder Blade" (Scapula) | glenoid cavity, acromion process and coracoid process from the articulating surfaces and ligamentous attachments for the shoulder joint |
| Brachium (Arm) | proximal head of humerus articulates with glenoid |
| Antebrachium (Forearm) | ulna contributes to elbow radius contributes to wrist |
| Radius | ulnar notch articulates with distal end of ulna |
| Pelvic Girdle | 2 ossa coxae unite at the symphysis and sacrum to form a girdle supports weight of body, protects viscera supports the weight of the body and protects viscera |
| Ischium and Pubis | ... |
| Ilium | iliac crest large greater sciatic notch |
| Tibia | proximal end has articular condyles |
| Fibula | ... |
| abduction | move away |
| Fibrous joint | connect bones without allowing any movement. The bones of your skull and pelvis are held together by fibrous joints. The union of the spinous processes and vertebrae are fibrous joints. |
| Cartilaginous joints | are joints in which the bones are attached by cartilage. These joints allow for only a little movment, such as in the spine or ribs. |
| Synovial joints | allow for much more movement than cartilaginous joints. Cavaties between bones in synovial joints are filled with synovial fluid. This fluid helps lubricate and protect the bones. Bursa sacks contain* the synovial fluid. |
| hinge joint | is found at the elbow, knee, ankle, and fingers, allows a joint to bend and straighten promoting rotation |
| saddle joint | found at the base of each thumb; allows grasping and rotation |
| Ball and Socket | A ball and socket joint allows for radial movment in almost any direction. They are found in the hips and shoulders. |
| Pivot joint | one bone rotates in a ring of another bone that does not move; head and neck |
| Spongy bone (trabeculae) | ... |
| tendons | TISSUE to BONE |
| ligaments | BONE to BONE |
| endomysium-perimysium-epimysium | ... |
| motor neurons | ... |
| sensory neurons | ... |
| Skeletal Muscle Fibers | Long, multi-nucleated striated, striated cells sarcolemma - cell membrane contains myofibrils which are composed of thick and thin myofilaments sacroplasm - cell cytoplasm |
| sarcomere | defined by "Z" line |
| I band | only actin |
| A band | thick myosin and thin myofilaments |
| Depolarization | Na+ channels are open |
| Repolarization | Na+ channels are closed, and Na+ movement in the cells stops. More K+ channels open, thus there's more outside of the cell and becomes + charged. |
| Actin and myosin do not change in length! | ... |
| Fast-twitch fibers | muscle fibers that contract rapidly and forcefully but fatigue quickly, Anaerobic |
| Slow-twitch fibers | muscle fibers that produce less vigorous contractions without fatiguing |
| Rectus abdominis | Flexes vertebral column |
| Trapezius | extends head and neck |
| Latissimus dorsi | extends shoulder Adducts and medially rotates arm |
| Infraspinatus | Stabilizes and extends shoulder Laterally rotates arm |
| Teres minor | Stabilizes and extends shoulder Adducts and laterally rotates arm |
| Pectoralis Major | Flex Shoulder Extends shoulder from the flexed position Adducts and medially rotates arm |
| Deltoid | Flex and extends shoulder |
| Rotator cuff | Infraspinatus Subscapularis Supraspinatus Teres minor |
| Biceps brachi | flexes elbow supinates forearm Flexes shoulder |
| Triceps bachii | extends elbow Extends shoulder |
| Brachialis | flexes elbow |
| Flexor carpi ulnaris | Flexes and adducts wrist |
| Rectus femoris | Extends knee Flexes hip |
| Vastus lateralis, Vastus intermedius, and Vastus medialis | extends knee |
| Gracillis | Adducts thigh Flexes knee |
| Biceps femoris | Flexes knee Laterally rotates thigh Extends hip |
| Gluteus Maximus | Extends hip Abducts and laterally rotate thigh |
| Tibialis anterior | Dorsiflexes foot |
| Gastrocnemius | Plantar flexes foot Flexes leg |
| Soleus | Plantar flexes foot |
| CNS | Brain Spinal cord |
| PNS | Cranial nerves Spinal nerves |
| Sensory | Impulses conducted from sensory receptors to CNS |
| Motor | Impulses from CNS to muscles or glands Somatic (non-visceral) Autonomic (visceral) |
| Interneurons | Found between sensory and motor neurons |
| Axon (nerve fiber) | Conducts impulses away from cell body |
| Dendrite | receive stimuli |
| Action Impulse | Sodium influx |
| Cerebrum | the largest part of the brain; controls conscious thought, motion, and stores memories. |
| Frontal lobe | Initiates voluntary movement |
| partial lobe | Responds to sensory stimuli |
| Temporal lobe | auditory sensations |
| Occipital lobe | visual sensations |
| Hypothalamus | directs eating, drinking, body temperature; helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion |
| Epithalamus | Neuroendocrine function (via pineal gland) |
| medulla oblongata | Part of the brainstem that controls vital life-sustaining functions such as heartbeat, breathing, blood pressure, and digestion. |
| Cranial nerves | CNS and motor information of the head, connecting to nuclei in the medulla, pons, midbrain, or forebrain |
| Sympathetic division of ANS | ("Fight or Flight") |
| Acetylcholine (Ach) | neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic division; Rest and Digest PNS |
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