S.S. Exam
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145 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Electoral College | a group of people selected from each of the states to cast votes in presidential elections |
| Precedent | an action or decision that later serves as an example |
| Judiciary Act of 1789 | legislation passed by Congress that created the federal court system |
| Bonds | a certificate that represents money the government has borrowed from private citizens |
| Speculator | an investor who buys items at low prices in hope that their values will rise |
| Thomas Jefferson | (1743-1826) American statesman, and member of two Continental Congresses, chairman of the committee to draft the Declaration of Independence, the Declaration's main author and one of its signers, and the third president of the United States |
| Loose Construction | a way of interpreting the Constitution that allows the federal government to take actions that the Constitution does not specifically forbid it from taking |
| Bank of the United States | a national bank chartered by Congress in 1791 to provide security for the U.S. economy |
| French Revolution | French rebellion that began in 1789 in which the French people overthrew the monarchy and made their country a republic |
| Neutrality Proclamation | (1793) a statement made by President George Washington that the United States would not side with any of the nations at war in Europe following the French Revolution |
| Privateers | a private ship authorized by a nation to attack its enemies |
| Whiskey's Rebellion | (1794) a protest of small farmers in Pennsylvania against new taxes on whiskey |
| Treaty of Greenville | (1795) an agreement between Native American confederation leaders and the U.S. government that gave the United States Indian lands in the Northwest Territory and guaranteed that U.S. citizens could safely travel through the region |
| Battle of Fallen Timbers | (1794) a battle between U.S. troops and an American Indian confederation that ended Indian efforts to halt white settlement in the Northwest Territory |
| Little Turtle | (c. 1752-1812) Miami chief who led a Native American alliance that raided settlements in the Northwest Territory, he was defeated and forced to sign the Treaty of Greenville, and he later became an advocate for peace. |
| Jay's Treaty | Was made up by John Jay. It said that Britain was to pay for Americans ships that were seized in 1793. It said that Americans had to pay British merchants debts owed from before the revolution and Britain had agreed to remove their troops from the Ohio Valley |
| Pinckney's Treaty | agreement between the united states and spain that changed floridas border and made it easier for american ships to use the port of new orleans |
| Political Parties | a group of people who organize to help elect government officials and influence government policies |
| Federalist Party | a political party created in the 1790s and influenced by Alexander Hamilton that wanted to strengthen the federal government and promote industry and trade |
| Democratic-Republican Party | a political party founded in the 1790s by Thomas Jefferson, James Madison, and other leaders who wanted to preserve the power of the state governments and promote agriculture |
| XYZ Affair | (1797) an incident in which French agents attempted to get a bribe and loans from U.S. diplomats in exchange for an agreement that French privateers would no longer attack American ships; it led to an undeclared naval war between the two countries |
| Alien and Sedition Act | (1798) laws passed by a Federalist-dominated Congress aimed at protecting the government from treasonous ideas, actions, and people |
| Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions | (1798-99) Republican documents that argued that the Alien and Sedition Acts were unconstitutional |
| John Adams | 1735-1826) American statesman, he was a delegate to the Continental Congress, a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence, vice president to George Washington, and the second president of the United States. |
| John Marshall | 1755-1835) Federalist leader who served in the House of Representatives and as U.S. Secretary of State, he later became the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, establishing in Marbury v. Madison the Supreme Court's power of judicial review. |
| Marbury v. Madison | (1803) U.S. Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review |
| Judicial Review | the Supreme Court's power to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional |
| Louisiana Purchase | (1803) the purchase of French land between the Mississippi River and the Rocky Mountains that doubled the size of the United States |
| Meriwether Lewis | (1774-1809) Former army captain selected by President Jefferson to explore the Louisiana Purchase, he lead the expedition that became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition. |
| William Clark | (1770-1838) American soldier and friend of Meriwether Lewis, he was invited to explore the Louisiana Purchase and joined what became known as the Lewis and Clark expedition. |
| Lewis and Clark Expedition | an expedition led by Meriwether Lewis and William Clark that began in 1804 to explore the Louisiana Purchase |
| Sacagawea | (1786?-1812) Shoshone woman who, along with French fur trapper husband, accompanied and aided Lewis and Clark on their expedition. |
| Zebulon Pike | (1779-1813) Army officer sent on a mission to explore the West, he was ordered to find the headwaters of the Red River. He attempted to climb what is now known as Pikes Peak in Colorado. |
| USS Constitution | a large warship |
| Impressment | the practice of forcing people to serve in the army or navy; led to increased tensions between Great Britain and the United States in the early 1800s |
| Embargo | the banning of trade with a country |
| Embargo Act | (1807) a law that prohibited American merchants from trading with other countries |
| Non-Intercourse Act | (1809) a law that replaced the Embargo Act and restored trade with all nations except Britain, France, and their colonies |
| Tecumseh | (1768-1813) Shawnee chief who attempted to form an Indian confederation to resist white settlement in the Northwest Territory |
| Battle of Tippecanoe | (1811) U.S. victory over an Indian confederation that wanted to stop white settlement in the Northwest Territory; increased tensions between Great Britain and the United States |
| War Hawks | members of Congress who wanted to declare war against Britain after the Battle of Tippecanoe |
| James Madison | (1751-1836) American statesman, he was a delegate to the Constitutional Convention, the fourth president of the United States, the author of some of the Federalist Papers, and is called the father of the Constitution for his proposals at the Constitutional Convention. He led the United States through the War of 1812. |
| Oliver Hazard Perry | (1785-1819) American naval captain who put together the fleet that defeated the British at the Battle of Lake Erie in the War of 1812. |
| Battle of Lake Erie | (1813) U.S. victory in the War of 1812, led by Oliver Hazard Perry; broke Britain's control of Lake Erie |
| Andrew Jackson | 1767-1845) Nicknamed Old Hickory, he was an American hero in the Battle of New Orleans. As commander of the Tennessee militia, he defeated the Creek Indians, securing 23 million acres of land. His election as the seventh president of the United States marked an era of democracy called Jeffersonian Democracy. |
| Treaty of Fort Jackson | a treaty signed after the U.S. victory at the Battle of Horseshoe Bend; the Creek was forced to give up 23 million acres of their land |
| Battle of New Orleans | (1815) the greatest U.S. victory in the War of 1812; actually took place two weeks after a peace treaty had been signed ending the war |
| Hartford Convention | (1815) a meeting of Federalists at Hartford, Connecticut, to protest the War of 1812 |
| Treaty of Ghent | (1814) a treaty signed by the United States and Britain ending the War of 1812 |
| Rush-Bagot Agreement | (1817) an agreement that limited naval power on the Great Lakes for both the United States and British Canada |
| Convention of 1818 | an agreement between the United States and Great Britain that settled fishing rights and established new North American borders |
| James Monroe | 1758-1831) Leading Revolutionary figure and negotiator of the Louisiana Purchase, he was the fifth president of the United States. He put forth the Monroe Doctrine establishing the U.S. sphere of influence in the Western Hemisphere that became the foundation of U.S. foreign policy. |
| Adams-Onis Treaty | (1819) an agreement in which Spain gave East Florida to the United States |
| Simon Bolivar | (1783-1830) South American revolutionary leader who was nicknamed the Liberator, he fought many battles for independence, winning the support of many U.S. leaders. |
| Monroe Doctrine | (1823) President James Monroe's statement forbidding further colonization in the Americas and declaring that any attempt by a foreign country to colonize would be considered an act of hostility |
| Nationalism | a sense of pride and devotion to a country |
| Henry Clay | (1777-1852) American politician from Kentucky, he was known as the Great Pacificator because of his support of the Missouri Compromise. He developed the Compromise of 1850 to try to avoid civil war. |
| American System | Henry Clay's plan for raising tariffs to pay for internal improvements such as better roads and canals |
| Cumberland Road | the first federal road project, construction of which began in 1815; ran from Cumberland, Maryland, to present-day Wheeling, West Virginia |
| Erie Canal | the canal that runs from Albany to Buffalo, New York; completed in 1825 |
| Era of Good Feelings | a period of peace, pride, and progress for the United States from 1815 to 1825 |
| Sectionalism | a devotion to the interests of one geographic region over the interests of the country as a whole |
| Missouri Compromise | (1820) an agreement proposed by Henry Clay that allowed Missouri to enter the Union as a slave state and Maine to enter as a free state and outlawed slavery in any territories or states north of 36°30´ latitude |
| John Quincy Adams | (1767-1848) Son of President John Adams and the secretary of state to James Monroe, he largely formulated the Monroe Doctrine. He was the sixth president of the United States and later became a representative in Congress. |
| Washington Irving | (1783-1859) Early American satirical writer, he was the first American writer to gain international acclaim. His works include Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow. He often used American history and authentic American settings and characters. |
| James Fenimore Cooper | (1789-1851) Well-known Early American novelist, he wrote the Last of the Mohicans and many stories about the West. |
| Hudson River School | a group of American artists in the mid-1800s whose paintings focused on the American landscape |
| Thomas Cole | (1801-1848) American painter, he was the founder of the Hudson River school, a group of artists who emphasized the beauty of the American landscape, especially the Hudson River valley. |
| George Caleb Bingham | (1811-1879) American painter who specialized in painting scenes of everyday life in Missouri |
| Nominating Conventions | meeting at which a political party selects its presidential and vice presidential candidate; first held in the 1820s |
| Jacksonian Democracy | an expansion of voting rights during the popular Andrew Jackson administration |
| Democratic Party | a political party formed by supporters of Andrew Jackson after the presidential election of 1824 |
| John C. Calhoun | (1782-1850) American politician and supporter of slavery and states' rights, he served as vice president to Andrew Jackson and was instrumental in the South Carolina ification crisis. |
| Spoils System | a politicians' practice of giving government jobs to his or her supporters |
| Martin Van Buren | (1782-1862) American politician and secretary of state under Andrew Jackson, he later became the eighth president of the United States. |
| Kitchen Cabinet | President Andrew Jackson's group of informal advisers; so called because they often met in the White House kitchen |
| Tariff of Abominations | (1828) the nickname given to a tariff by southerners who opposed it |
| Nullification Crisis | a dispute led by John C. Calhoun that said that states could ignore federal laws if they believed those laws violated the Constitution |
| States' Rights Doctrine | the belief that the power of the states should be greater than the power of the federal government |
| Daniel Webster | (1782-1852) American lawyer and statesman, he spoke out against nullification and states' rights, believing that the country should stay unified. |
| McCulloch v. Maryland | (1819) U.S. Supreme Court case that declared the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional and that Maryland could not interfere with it |
| Whig Party | a political party formed in 1834 by opponents of Andrew Jackson and who supported a strong legislature |
| Panic of 1837 | a financial crisis in the United States that led to an economic depression |
| William Henry Harrison | (1773-1841) American politician, he served as the governor of Indian Territory and fought Tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe. He was the ninth president of the United States. |
| Indian Removal Act | (1830) a congressional act that authorized the removal of Native Americans who lived east of the Mississippi River |
| Indian Territory | an area covering most of present-day Oklahoma to which most Native Americans in the Southeast were forced to move in the 1830s |
| Bureau of Indian Affairs | a government agency created in the 1800s to oversee federal policy toward Native Americans |
| Sequoya | (between 1760 and 1770-1843) American Indian scholar and craftsman, he created a writing system for the Cherokee language and taught literacy to many Cherokee |
| Worcester v. Georgia | 1832) the Supreme Court ruling that stated that the Cherokee nation was a distinct territory over which only the federal government had authority; ignored by both President Andrew Jackson and the state of Georgia |
| Trail of Tears | (1838-39) an 800-mile forced march made by the Cherokee from their homeland in Georgia to Indian Territory; resulted in the deaths of almost one-fourth of the Cherokee people |
| Black Hawk | (1767-1838) Native American leader of Fox and Sauk Indians, he resisted the U.S.-ordered removal of Indian nations from Illinois and raided settlements and fought the U.S. Army. |
| Osceola | c.1804-1838) Florida Seminole leader, he resisted removal by the U.S. government despite an earlier treaty that Seminole leaders had been forced to sign. He was eventually captured and died in prison. |
| Republican Motherhood | the idea that women played an important role in teaching their children to be good citizens |
| Cabinet | composed of the most senior appointed officers of the executive branch of the federal government of the United States, which are generally the heads of the federal executive departments. The existence of the Cabinet dates back to the first American President, George Washington |
| Federal Courts | the courts of the national government that deal with problems between states, with the constitution, and with laws made by congress |
| Judicial Branch | the branch of the United States government responsible for the administration of justice |
| Executive Branch | the branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws |
| Legislative Branch | the branch of the United States government that has the power of legislating |
| Departments of Executive Branch | State, Treasury, and War |
| Foreign Policy | a policy governing international relations |
| National Policy | Foreign and domestic policy designed to protect the nation's independence and political and economic integrity policy that is concerned with the safety and defense of the nation. |
| American Farmers in 1790 | U.S. area settled extends westward on average of 255 miles; parts of the frontier cross the AppalachiansU.S. area settled extends westward on average of 255 miles; parts of the frontier cross the Appalachians |
| Josiah Harmar | United States general who led soliders toward Miami village to stop raids. |
| John Marshall | United States jurist; as chief justice of the Supreme Court he established the principles of United States constitutional law (1755-1835); Chief Justice of the Supreme Court establish judicial review |
| Midnight Appointments | Judiciary appointments of Federalist judges made by Federalist president John Adams shortly before he left office, in response to the Democratic-Republican victory in the Congress and Presidency |
| Oregon Country | the area that is now the states of Oregon, Washington, and Idaho, along with part of western Montana |
| Tariff | a government tax on imports or exports |
| Gibbons v. Ogden | This case involved New York trying to grant a monopoly on waterborne trade between New York and New Jersey. Judge Marshal, of the Supreme Court, sternly reminded the state of New York that the Constitution gives Congress alone the control of interstate commerce. Marshal's decision, in 1824, was a major blow on states' rights. |
| Suffrage | the right to vote |
| Nicholas Biddle | was an American financier who served as the president of the Second Bank of the United States. |
| Battle of Thames River | Battle near Detroit in which American forces led by General William Henry Harrison killed Tecumseh on their way to victory |
| Thirteenth Amendment | (1865) a constitutional amendment that outlawed slavery |
| Fourteenth Amendment | (1866) a constitutional amendment giving full rights of citizenship to all people born or naturalized in the United States, except for American Indians |
| Fifteenth Amendment | (1870) a constitutional amendment that gave African American men the right to vote |
| Compromise of 1877 | an agreement to settle the disputed presidential election of 1876; Democrats agreed to accept Republican Rutherford B. Hayes as president in return for the removal of federal troops from the South, having a Southern democrat in the Cabinet, and having the government give money for internal improvements in the South |
| Jim Crow laws | a law that enforced segregation in the southern states |
| Black Codes | laws passed in the southern states during Reconstruction that greatly limited the freedom and rights of African Americans |
| Civil Rights Act of 1866 | a law that gave African Americans legal rights equal to those of white Americans |
| Redeemers | Democrats who brought their party back to power in the South; wanted to reduce the size of state government and limit the rights of African Americans. They lowered state budgets and got rid of a variety of social programs. |
| Plessy v. Ferguson | Supreme Court case in which the court ruled that segregation is legal; "separate-but-equal" facilities were provided |
| Impeachment | the process used by a legislative body to bring charges of wrongdoing against a public official |
| Fort Sumter | a federal outpost in Charleston, South Carolina, that was attacked by the Confederates in April 1861, sparking the Civil War |
| Clara Barton | (1821-1912) Founder of the American Red Cross, she obtained and administrated supplies and care to the Union soldiers during the American Civil War |
| Habeas Corpus | the constitutional protection againist unlawful imprisonment |
| Uysses S. Grant | (1822-1885) Eighteenth president of the United States, he recieved a field promotion to lieutenent general in charge of all Union forces after leading a successful battle. He accepted General Lee's surrender of Confederate forces at Appomattox Courthouse, ending the Civil War |
| Pickett's Charge | (1863) a failed Confederate attack during the Civil War led by General George Pickett at the Battle of Gettysburg |
| Appomattox Courthouse | the location where General Robert E. Lee was forced to surrender, thus ending the Civil War |
| 54th Massachusetts Infantry | African American Civil War regiment that attacked Fort Wagner in South Carolina |
| Total War | a type of war in which an army destroys its opponent's ability to fight by targeting civilian and economic as well as military resources |
| Copperheads | a group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South during the Civil War |
| Battle of Shiloh | (1862) a Civil War battle in Tennessee in which the Union army gained greater control over the Mississippi |
| John Brown | (1800-1859) American abolitionist who helped fuel the violence in Bleeding Kansas and was executed for his role in organizing à slave revolt at Harpers Ferry, Virginia |
| Kansas-Nebraska Act | (1854) A law that allows voters in kansas and nebraska to choose whether to allow slavery |
| Border States | Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri; slave states that lay between the North and the South and did not join the Confederacy During the civil war |
| Wilderness Campaign | A series of battles between union and confederate forces in northern and central Virginia that delayed the Union capture of Richmond. |
| Contrabands | an escaped slave who joined the Union army during the Civil War |
| Dred Scott Decision | U.S. Supreme Court ruled against him in 1857 in a case that became the focus of much heated political controversy. Scott was emancipated later that year and worked as a hotel porter in St. Louis. |
| Winfield Scott | (1786-1866) American general, he served as commander in the Mexican War and two-part strategy against the South in the Civil War; he wanted to destroy the South's economy with naval blockade and gain control of the Mississippi River |
| Fugitive Slave Act | (1850) a law that made it a crime to help runaway slaves; allowed for arrest of escaped slaves in areas where slavery was illegal, and required their return to slaveholders |
| Nullification | the states'-rights doctrine that a state can refuse to recognize or to enforce a federal law passed by the United States Congress; the act of nullifying EX. making null and void; counteracting or overriding the effect or force of something |
| Protective Tariff | a tariff imposed to protect domestic firms from import competition |
| Great Compromise | (1787) an agreement worked out at the Constitutional Convention establishing that a state's population would determine representation in the lower house of the legislature, while each state would have equal representation in the upper house of the legislature |
| Battle of Bull Run | First: (1861) the first major battle of the Civil War, resulting in a Confederate victory; showed that the Civil War would not be won easily Second: (1862) a Civil War battle in which the Confederate army forced most of the Union army out of Virginia |
| Mandate | the commission that is given to a government and its policies through an electoral victory; a document giving an official instruction or command; assign authority to |
| "A House Divided" Speech | Abraham Lincoln's passionate speech to Illinois Republicans about the dangers of the disagreement over slavery. Some considered it a call for war. Meaning a house can not stand when divided in two. |
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