Chemistry Final
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108 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 chemistry | the study of matter and the changes it can undergo |
| scientific method | observation hypothesis experiments prove disprove publication further experiments conformation application |
| basic science | research without the goal of a practical application |
| applied science | research with well defined, short terms goals for a specific problem |
| technology | application of science for industrial production and societal goals |
| macroscopic | large enough to be visible to the naked eye |
| microscopic | too small to be seen except under a microscope |
| submicroscopic | cannot see even w/ microscope; atoms and molecules |
| mass | is a measure of the amount or quantity of matter in an object |
| weight | is the force that results from the attraction between matter and the earth |
| intensive property | properties that are independent of the amount of the sample |
| extensive property | depends on the size of the sample |
| elements | a pure substance consisting of only one kind of atom (ex copper) and can't be decompressed into simpler substances by normal chemical means |
| atoms | smallest unit of an element |
| chemical compound | pure substances composed of atoms of different elements combined in definite, fixed ratios. And can be decomposed into simpler substances or elements by chemical means |
| hydrogen | flammable when burned in the presence of oxygen |
| homogeneous | uniform in composition (milk) |
| heterogeneous | not uniform in compostion (water and oil) |
| chemical property | properties that result in a chemical reaction converting the identity of one or more of the substances (flammability, anti-inflammatories, biodegradable) |
| physical property | properties that can be observed or measured with out changing the identity of the substances (boiling point, melting point, density, color) |
| chemical change | process in which one or more pure substances are converted to one or more different pure substances |
| physical change | process where the identity of the substance remains intact |
| products | substances formed as the result of a chemical reaction |
| molecule | the smallest unit fo a chemical compound; the simplest structural unit of an element or compound |
| molecule compound | c, a chemical compound whose simplest units are molecules |
| energy | the capacity of doing work or causing change |
| potential energy | energy in storage by virtue of position or arrangement |
| kinetic energy | the energy of objects in motion |
| subscripts | in a chemical formulas, numbers written below the line to show numbers or ratios of atoms in a compound |
| coefficients | in a chemical equation are the numbers written before formulas to balance the equation |
| quantitative | describes information or experiments that are numerical |
| qualitative | describes information or experiments that are not numerical |
| unit conversion factor | a fraction in which the numerator is a quality equal or equivalent to the quantity in the denominator, but expressed in different units |
| accuracy | is the term used to express the agreement of the measured value with the true value of the same quantity |
| precision | expresses the agreement among repeated measurements |
| atomic number | the number of proton in the nucleus of an atom (bottoms left number) |
| mass number | is the sum of the numbers of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (top left number |
| ions | electrically charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons. |
| atomic mass unit | the unit of relative atomic massess of the elements |
| atomic weight | the number that represents the (weighted average) atomic mass of the isotopes in a given element (bottom number) |
| atomic orbitals | the regions around the nucleus within which the electrons have the highest probability of being found |
| subshells | In the electron configuration they are s (2 e- and 1 orbital), p (6 e- and 3 orbitals), d (10 e- and 5 orbitals) and f (14 e- and 7 orbitals) |
| aufbau principle | an electron occupies the lowest-energy orbital that can receive it |
| valence orbitals | orbitals that contain the outer-shell electrons of an atom |
| valence electrons | electrons on the outermost energy level of an atom |
| metals | element that conduct electric current; most are malleable and ductile |
| nonmetals | elements that do not conduct electrical currents |
| semiconductors | metalloid elements with electrical conductivity intermediate between that of metals and nonmetals. Used in solid-state electronics |
| alkaline earth metals | reactive but not has much as alkali metals group 2 |
| reactivity | for metals is related to size, the larger the atom the more reactive it becomes, for nonmetals the opposite is true |
| Henri Becquerel | experimented with phosphorescence of certain minerals |
| Earnest Rutherford | Found that alpha rays could be stopped by thin pieces of paper. Whereas beta rays were only stopped by at least .5cm of lead |
| Paul Villard | discovered the high energy, extremely penetrating gamma ray having characteristics of light waves. Very damaging to human issue. |
| radioactivity | the result of a natural change of an isotope of one element into an isotope of a different element resulting in a nuclear reaction. |
| radio cardon dating | determining the age of a sample using carbon-14 isotope |
| food radiation | retards the growth of organisms such as molds,bacteria, and yeasts |
| diagnosis | radioisotopes are inserted into patients body allowing na image to be produced of the problem area. |
| binary compound | chemical compound composed of one metal and one nonmetal |
| bonding pair | pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms in a molecule |
| nonbonding pair | unshared pair of valence electrons in a molecule |
| lewis dot symbols | the valence electrons, represented by dots, are placed around the symbol until they are used up or unti all 4 sides are occupied |
| single covalent bond | hydrogen atoms share their single electron giving them an electron configuration like helium |
| hydrocarbons | compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen |
| alkanes | hydrocarbons with carbon-carbon single bonds |
| saturated hydrocarbons | hydrocarbons that are alkanes |
| hydrocarbon single bonds | one carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms will share electrons to achieve noble gas configuration |
| double bond | a bond in which 2 pairs of electrons are shared between atoms |
| triple bond | a bond in which 3 pairs of electrons are shared between atoms |
| non-polar | describes a bond or molecule in which charge is evenly distributed, with no positive or negative regions |
| polar | describes a bond or molecule in which charge is unevenly distributed, creating positive and negative regions. Based on differences in electronegativity. |
| electrolyte | a compound that conducts electricity when melted or dissolved in water |
| non-electrolyte | a compound that does not conduct electricity when melted or dissolved in water, or does not separate into ions in water |
| intermolecular forces | attractive forces that act between molecules; weaker than covalent bonds |
| dipole-dipole forces | attractive forces between polar molecules |
| hydrogen bonding | attraction between a hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative atom (O, N, F) and an electronegative atom in another r the same molecule |
| solid | Fixed shape and fixed volume, non-compressible, very strong intermolecular |
| liquids | variable shape but fixed volume, compressible, weak intermolecular forces |
| reaction rate | amount of reactant converted to product in a specific amount of time |
| activation energy | Quantity of energy needed for successful collision of reactants; determines reaction rate. |
| dynamic equilibrium | a state of balance between opposite changes occurring at the same rate |
| chemical equilibrium | condition in which a chemical reaction and its reverse are occurring at equal rates |
| physical equilibrium | when the rate at which a substance changes between physical states is constant |
| Le Chatelier's principle | When a stress is applied to a system at equilibrium, the equilibrium shifts to relieve the stress |
| exothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring or formed with the release of energy as heat |
| endothermic | (of a chemical reaction or compound) occurring only with energy as heat from an external source |
| entropy | a measure of the disorder of matter. If a change in entropy results in a more disordered state the entropy is said to be positive |
| thermodynamics | the science of energy as heat and its transformation |
| First Law of Thermodynamics | energy can be converted from one form to another but cannot be created or destroyed |
| Second Law of Thermodynamics | The total entropy of the universe is constantly increasing |
| oxidation | the gain of oxygen, the loss of hydrogen, or the loss of electrons |
| reduction | the loss of oxygen, the gain of hydrogen, or the gain of electrons |
| isomers | two or more compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangements of atoms |
| structural isomers | isomers that differ in the order in which the atoms are bonded together |
| alkyl groups | alkanes with hydrogen atom removed and are attracted to a straight chain hydrocarbon |
| alkenes | hydrocarbons with one or more carbon-carbon double bonds |
| polymers | are classified by the reactions by which they were formed |
| addition polymers | when all atoms in the monomers are incorporated into the polymer |
| condensation polymer | a polymer formed by repeated condensation reactions of one or more monomers |
| polyethylene | produced the ethylene |
| polyester | is a polymer made from a molecule with 2 carboxylic acid and a molecule with 2 alcohols |
| nylon | is a polymer made from a di-acid and a di-amine |
| alcohols | organic compounds containing a hydroxyl (OH) functional group |
| functional group | atom or groups of atoms in a molecule that gives the substance a characteristic chemical behavior |
| aldehydes | organic compounds containing a -CHO functional group |
| carboxylic acids | organic compounds containing a -COOH functional group |
| Ketones | organic compounds containing a -C=O (carbonyl) functional group between two carbon atoms |
| fuels | are reduced forms of matter which burn easily in the presence of oxygen producing large quantities of heat |
| heat | is a form of energy which can be used to do work |
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