APUSH finals prep, Ch 2
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Created by:
thewestmonts on December 4, 2011
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32 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Where was Christoper Columbus from? What nation did he sail for? | Genoa, Italy Spain |
| What did the natives that Columbus first met call themselves? What did they call their island? | Called "Tainos" called the their island Guanahani |
| Define the 'Colombian Exchange' | Moving people and their ways of life between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, included people, animals, plants & germs. People from Europe, Africa, N& S America became intertwined in colonial societies, obligatory & forced labor relations, trade networks, religious missions & wars |
| What were some of the key innovations Portugal brought to long-distance sailing and navigation? | + Ship builders added triangular Arab sails to their ships + Created a more maneuverable vessel, the caravel + compass & astrolabe |
| Key facts about Prince Henry "The Navigator" | 1394-1460 • Gained support of merchants & encouraged Portuguese seamen to pilot new caravels southward along the African coast • By the time of his death, Portugal was exporting gold & slaves from the South of Sahara |
| Which European first reached the Cape of Good Hope, and in what year? | • In 1488, Bartolomeu Dias reach the Cape of Good Hope |
| What is one thing Vasco da Gama is known for? | Vasco da Gama led the Portuguese fleet to India |
| What are the two basic forms of slavery? | 1. African enslaved because of indebtedness whose debt was purchased by kings & emperors who made them servants or 2. long distance commercial trade |
| What was the relationship between Portuguese slave traders and African rulers? | • Portuguese mostly traded through African- controlled commercial networks • African rulers traded according to own self-interest with gold for slaves (or visa versa) • Some expanded their wealth & power that way |
| What characterized 'New Slavery'? | unprecedented magnitude: 12 million slaves subjected to new levels of de-humanization (plantation workers + race became an ideological basis • Africans blackness + "alien" religions & customs dehumanized them in European eyes • Racial prejudice hardened & Europeans justified enslaving blacks as their Christian duty |
| How did disease influence the growth of the slave trade? | • The Tainos & other N.A. in Caribbean died off in large numbers from small pox & measles & other imported diseases (no immunities) • To replace natives, colonist brought enslaved Africans to perform labor |
| What was the 'Demarcation Line'? | • To forestall competition, Portugal & Spain signed the Treaty of Tordesailles which drew a line in the Mid-Atlantic dividing all future discoveries between the two countries • In 1500, a Portuguese voyage headed to India found Brazil- most of which lay east of the line established in the Treaty of Tordesaillas |
| What are some key things to know about John Cabott? | Italian navigator Engaged by England's Henry VII for Atlantic voyage 1497: First European to land in and claim mainland N. America England did little more about it for 60 years |
| How did the New World continents get their name? | • In 1507, the landmass got its name when a publisher brought out a collection of voyagers' tales • One of the chroniclers was an Italian named Amerigo Vespucci - America became the name of the new continent |
| What are some key things to know about Ferdinand Magellan? | • Explorers still wanted to go past America to India • Ferdinand Magellan (1519) sailed for Spain around S. America's southern tip (the Straight of Magellan is named for him) • He died & only 1 of 5 ships & 15 sailors returned to Spain in 1522 after circumnavigating the globe |
| What did Europe impart to America as part of the Columbian Exchange? | diseases, horses, cattle, sheep, swine, chickens Wheat & other grains, coffee, sugar, fruits, vegetables Weeds, insects & rodents |
| What did America spread to Europe as part of the Columbian Exchange? | corn, beans, potatoes, tomatoes, squash, pumpkins, Peanuts, vanilla, cacao, avocados, pineapples, chilies Tobacco & turkeys |
| What did Africa impart to America as part of the Columbian Exchange? | slaves, rice & yams |
| Key facts about Cortez and the fall of the Aztecs | 1519: Cortez led 600 troops to the Mexican coast Used Aztec's enemies and discontented subjects to invade the capital, Tenochtitlan (now Mexico City) Smallpox helped wipe out Aztec opposition |
| Key facts about Francisco Pizarro & Defeat of Incas | • The Inca empire fell between 1532 & 1536 from attacks by Francisco Pizarro • Small pox & native unfamiliarity with European ways & weapons enabled a small army to overpower a mighty emperor |
| What are some key facts about Hernando DeSoto? | Hernando de Soto was a Spanish explorer and conquistador Led the first European expedition deep into the territory of the modern-day United States 1539-1543 blundered from Tampa Bay to the Appalachians (Southern Plains) searching for gold and a passage to China. expedition spread small pox, which destroyed most of the remaining Mississippi societies |
| Facts about Francisco Vásquez de Coronado | • 1540-42, de Coronado led an expedition to find and conquer rumored "cities of gold" • Plundered several pueblos on the Rio Grande • Found no gold & came back to Mexico • After these failed adventures, Spain's main interest lay in keep out the French & British |
| What was the significance of St. Augustine? | • 1565, Spanish established the 1st lasting European post in N.A., a fortress in St. Augustine, Florida • Remained a lone military stronghold despite plans to build a road with presidos at key locations from there to Mexico |
| Define 'encomienda' | grants awarding native labor to wealthy colonist in the Americas |
| What was 'New Spain' | • The area know as Mexico was New Spain, ruled by a viceroy |
| What were some early actions by the French in exploring North America? | In 1524, King Francis I dispatched a Italian navigator named Giovanni da Vertanzo to find a Northwest passage to the Pacific -- failed, like Cartier later No NWest Passage or gold, but exploited other things • Fur-trade blossomed for France • Friendly w/ NA's—traded beads, etc.. for pelts • Great Banks fishing (off the coast of Canada) |
| Early history of the Virginia Company of London | In 1606, James I granted a charter authorizing colonies Virginia Company founded Jamestown Struggled for survival -- bad planning Native Powahatans wouldn't sell more crops after awhile Tobacco emerged as the colony's cash generator |
| What was the 'head right'? | • To attract labor & capital, the Virginia Company awarded a 50 acre head right for each person entering the colony, to whoever paid that person's passage. • By paying passage for potential laborers, people gained lots of land • In return for passage & basic needs, people agreed to work as indentured servants for 4-7 years. |
| What are some early milestones of the Mayflower group? | Thomas Weston gained permission for a colony from the Virgina Company Sailed in 1620, 24 families, 102 passengers Half the colonists died in the first 4 months, and the survivors owed much to the natives |
| What was the 'Mayflower Compact'? | Agreement amongst the Mayflower's passengers for civil order Claimed the land for King James |
| What are some key facts about deChamplain? | • French sent deChamplain to establish the colony of New France in Quebec in 1608 |
| Key facts about Henry Hudson | • In 1609, Henry Hudson sailed up the river later named for him, traded w/ NA's & claimed the area for the Netherlands • 1614, Dutch built Fort Nassau near Albany & established the colony of new Netherland • 1626, local Munsee Indians allowed Dutch to settle on an island north of the Hudson • The Dutch named this island Manhattan & the settlement New Amsterdam |
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