| Term | Definition |
| SELECT UCASE(column_name) FROM table_name | Converts a field to upper case |
| SELECT LCASE(column_name) FROM table_name | Converts a field to lower case |
| SELECT MID(column_name,start[,length]) FROM table_name | Extract characters from a text field |
| SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name | Returns the length of a text field |
| SELECT LEN(column_name) FROM table_name | Rounds a numeric field to the number of decimals specified |
| SELECT NOW() FROM table_name | Returns the current system date and time |
| SELECT FORMAT(column_name,format) FROM table_name | Formats how a field is to be displayed |