Data

Copy and paste the text below. It is read-only. Select All

Embryonic stem cells eventually give rise to all specialized cells of the body therapeutic cloning transplant nucleas from patient's cells into developing embryonic stem cells and then harvest the stem cells at a very early stage. Stem cells then used to replace patient's damaged cells Homeotic genes program the development of organisms oncogene gene that causes cancer to occur proto-oncogene normal gene that can be converted to become an oncogene. Caused by mutation in DNA Tumor-suppressor genes normally inhibit uncontrolled cell division carcinogens cancer causing agents; changes in DNA often resul from long term exposure to these Restriction enzymes found in bacteria-used to cut DNA Transformation bacteria pick up DNA from surroundings plasmids rings of bacterial DNA tha can be incorporated into the bacterial cell Recombiant DNA 2 or more sections of DNA that have been combined by humans-doesn't exist in nature Gel electrophoresis sorts proteins and nucleic acids by charge and size Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA is mixed with DNA polymerase (enzyme) and nucleotides which allow the DNA to replicate Human genomes genome that consists of the entire make up of an individual Evolution the modification of populations over time-can result in new species. Considered unifying principal of biology species individuals that can interbreed with one another and produce offspring that can also reproduce Natural Selection those organisms which are best adapted to their enviornment will be more likely to survive and pss their traits down to future generations Fitness Measure of reproductive success: the fitest individuals are those that leave the most decedents For selection to be an agent of evolutionary change the traits considered must: 1. Vary 2. be heritable 3. affect fitness morphology study of the physical forms that organisms take homologous features same in structure because of inheritance embryology study of how organisms are going to mature, from fertalization to birth Universal triplet code suggests that different species evolved from common ancestors Microevolution change in allele changes over time Gene pool all the alleles that exist in a given population mutation (agent of microevolution) permanent alterations in DNA- to affect fitness, they must be heritable. Rate of mutation is slow, most are neither harmful or beneficial. Only way entirely new information can be introduced Gene flow movement of alleles from one popultaion to another, occurs through migration genetic drift the chance alteration of allele frequencies in a population bottleneck effect change in allele frequency due to chance during a sharp reduction in a population size founder effect when a small subpopulation migrates to a new area, and starts a new population Nonrandom mating matin in which a given member of the popultation is not equally likely to mate with another given member ecosystem all the organisms in a given area and the non-living factors with which they interact Biosphere 3 parts: atmosphere, hydrosphere (water), and lithosphere (earth and rocks) climate patterns of weather that prevails over years or centuries. driven by the sun Life requires nutrients, energy, water, appropriate temp Intertidal and nearshore zones steady flow of nutrients, greatest biodiversiy photic zone light supports photosynthesis open ocean most life is in the upper photic zone, life forms are pelagic-free swimming or floating deap ocean aphotic zone- only energy comes from organisms that swim here, the remains or products of organisms that drift down from up above or hydrothermal vents biomes large land areas with similair enviornmental conditions and characterestic plant communities tropical rainforest high temps, high rainfall, high biodiversity savannas little rainfall, grasses and small shrubs, large mammals desert low rainfall, low vegitation (if any), plants and animals adapted to conserve water grasslands higher rainfall than a deser, less than a forest temperate forest higher rainfall, dominated by trees tundra low rainfall, cold temperatures, slow growing vegetation competion neither benefit predation one benefits, one doesnt parasitism bad for host, good for parasite mutalism beneficial for both organisms involved keystone species species that have a bigger effect on their enviornment, then their abundance would suggest Autotrophs capture 3% of the sun's energy that reaches the surface of the earth