Early Embryonic Loss (for final)
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89 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 What are the 3 big causes of EEL that we need to know? | Tritrichomonas foetus Vibriosis Leptospirosis |
| What kind of a critter is Trich? | Protozoan parasite |
| How is Trich transmitted? | venereally |
| How does this little feller cause economic losses? | Early embryonic losses (infertility) Long calving interval Culling/replacement of infected cattle |
| When are clinical signs seen? What are the clinical signs? | At pregnancy check Open cows at preg check (50% maybe) potential pyometras and abortions may see retained fetal membrane when there is no calf. |
| Where does Trich colonize in bulls? | prepuce and penile crypts |
| What is the disposition for these bulls? | No treatment Send to slaughter |
| When are losses seen in cows? | 70-90 days of gestation |
| What follows the EEL's? | 2-6 months of infertility |
| When are cows exposed to Trich? | After a night in aggieville and few too many drinks with a random hook-up with a bull. |
| Which bulls get it more, young or old? Why? | Old bulls. They have deeper crypts in the prepuce. |
| That being said, which bulls may clear the infection? | bulls less than 3 years old |
| How long do older bulls have Trich? | Life |
| What happens to infected cows? | Clear infection in a few months. (2-22) May remain infected through pregnancy |
| Is there any lasting immunity? | Nope |
| There is a vaccine, what is the efficacy in cows? Bulls? | Cows: May shorten calving interval Bulls: not well researched |
| When do you give the vaccine? | 8wks and 4wks prior to breeding |
| Which herds have Trich worse, small or large? | Large. There are more bulls in large herds. |
| How do you diagnose Trich? | Culture PCR |
| What are the samples used for testing? | Bull: smegma (love this word) Cow: discharge, cervical mucus |
| When you test, who are you diagnosing? | The herd |
| What is the gold standard for culture testing? What is the production standard? | 6 weekly samples 3 weekly samples |
| We all know that In-Pouch is the test name. How do you handle/ship it? | maintain at 37 degrees C protect from extremes Rapid shipment don't ship on ice or on cold or hot days |
| When are the samples read? | every 48h for 5-7 days |
| When can you freeze the sample? | If you culture it and let the little guys reproduce, then you can freeze and ship it. |
| What should the producer do with positive bulls? | send positive bulls to slaughter |
| What do you do as far as testing negative bulls? | retest bulls (3 neg cultures) prior to each breeding season. test all imported bulls (3 neg cultures) keep average bull age young |
| What should a producer do with positive cows? | Cull all open cows Controlled breeding (he said breading but I think that's when you cook them) Cull cows with Trich abortions Cull pyometra cows Biosecurity maybe vaccinate 8 &4 wks prior to breeding |
| What do you need to remember about this disease? | IT IS REPORTABLE! |
| What causes Vibriosis? | Campylobacter fetus ss venerialis (gram-negative motile rod) |
| What does this cause? | EEL and irregular-length (longer) cycles |
| How common is Vibriosis? | very rarely seen not really seen in the U.S. |
| How do you test? | smegma samples |
| There is another Vibriosis pathogen, what is it? | Campylobacter fetus ss fetus |
| What does this agent cause? | sporadic abortion in herds with no history of infertility |
| When do the Vibriosis abortions occur? | at any stage but usually in the second or third trimester |
| What is the transmission of C. fetus fetus? | ORAL, not venereal |
| How do you prevent? | Vaccination: appears effective |
| Let's talk about Leptospirosis. What is the biggest thing you need to know? | It is zoonotic |
| How does infection occur? | through mucous membranes abraded or water-softened skin possibly venereally |
| What does it cause? | Later term abortions (the republicans would have a fit!) causes latent kidney infections |
| Where does lepto live in the body? | in the kidney and shed in the urine |
| What is the common source of infection? | urine-contaminated water holes |
| Lepto has over 250 serovars. Which one do cattle have? | hardjo |
| Does Hardjo cause disease in cattle? | not really. There also isn't much immunity to it. It's kind of a pathogen-host agreement. |
| When does the illness happen? | when it crosses hosts |
| How well do lepto vaccines work? | work well in non-host species but not in host species |
| Which serovar is most commonly diagnosed in cattle? (it is the pig serovar) | Pomona |
| How are diagnostic tests for Lepto? Why? | not very good for abortion causation. for L. hardjo, all the cattle have it. |
| How can you rule out L. pomona? | if no titers in herd are >1:3000. Can't use titers to rule-in disease bottom line: if there's no high titers, there is probably not disease. |
| How do you control Lepto? | through antibodies produced by vx or natural exposure (will clear organism from bloodstream) Antibodies are serovar specific |
| If you clear the organism from the bloodstream is the animal free of it? | No. It is still in the body in immuno-protected sites: kidney, brain, repro tract |
| Vaccinations: | short duration of immunity often do not protect against infection, disease or shedding Vx 2-3 times/month prebreeding annual re-vx mid-gestation possibly pre-breeding vx in endemic areas |
| What are some control strategies for lepto? | Vx limit additions to herd fence cattle from standing water Wild animal control |
| What disease is Bangs? | Brucella abortus |
| How is Brucella contracted? | Direct contact with genital secretions from abortions (also blood, placenta, fetus) Consumption of raw milk needle poke |
| Which strain is pathogenic for humans? | Strain 19 strain 19 vaccine is no longer used |
| What do you need to remember about this disease? | It is REPORTABLE |
| What is the government doing about this disease? | There is an eradication program since 1954. |
| What is the status of eradication in the U.S.? | It is nearly eradicated from cattle herds but is still in bison and elk in the Yellowstone area |
| What does the eradication program consist of? | quarantine infected herds vx of young breeding females (4-12mos) test & slaughter surveillance at slaughter/markets |
| When is a state considered Brucella free? | no cattle or bison infected for 12 consecutive months |
| 49 states are Brucella free. Which one is the hold-out? | Montana |
| What is the transmission in cows? | persists in mammary glands and is passed to calf through milk consumption. infected genital secretions after abortion (most important) |
| What is the transmission in bulls? | orchitis,epididymitis infected semen passed to cow |
| Should you vaccinate bulls? | NO. It can result in orchitis, epididymitis, or seminal vesiculitis |
| As a vet, what do you do if you vaccinate a bull? | Buy the bull and give it lots of tetracycline |
| Who may vaccinate? | only licensed veterinarians |
| When can you vaccinate an adult? | only by order of the State Vet |
| Can you vx a preganant animal? | no, although they shouldn't be pregnant by 12 months. |
| What kind of organism is Neospora caninum? | protozoan parasite |
| What are the clinical signs of Neospora? | Abortion (mid gestation: 5-6mos) (autolyzed/mummified fetus) stillbirth neuro signs no signs but chronically infected No clinical signs and NOT infected even though dam was. |
| What happens in an endemic heard? | sporadic abortions due to vertical transmission Abortions in family lines |
| What happens in epidemic abortions? | Abortion storm horizontal transmission |
| Which cows are most likely to abort? | naive (seronegative) |
| How is the epidemic disease transmitted? | infective oocysts in feed or water from canine host |
| With vertical transmission, when is abortion more likely to occur? | during first pregnancy following infection |
| What is the major route of transmission in a herd? | Vertical transmission. 80-100% of infected dams will have infected offspring |
| How can it be vertical transmission if it causes abortion? | It doesn't usually result in abortion, therefore it is maintained as a chronic infection in the herd. |
| Is the vertical route contagious? | no |
| What are the two asexual stages of development in intermediate hosts? | tachyzoites: actively penetrate cells and divide rapidly. Can cross placenta Bradyzoites: slowly dividing, dominant stage encysted within tissue cysts. Only in neural tissue. Infected for life |
| What happen in vertical transmission? | Bradyzoites switch to tachyzoites and then enter bloodstream. They then cross the placenta and infect the fetus. Timing of this may determine whether fetus is alive or aborted. |
| With horizontal transmission, what is the definitive host? | Dogs many species can be the intermediate hosts |
| How does horizontal transmission work? | Tachyzoites and cysts found intracellularly in IM hosts Dogs consume infected tissue and become infected as definitive host Dogs shed oocysts Cows consume oocysts from dog feces-contaminated feed/water |
| How is N. caninum diagnosed? | necropsy IHC of fetal tissue (brain, liver, heart) Presence does not confirm this as cause of abortion. Negative test is info, positive only indicates infection, not causation |
| Where is the highest seroprevalence? | Mexico |
| Is there a vaccine available? | Not any more |
| What does prevention and control entail? | exposure to tachyzoites 6wks prior to mating (provide protection against vertical trans if exposed mid-gestation. Previous exposur are less likely to abort or give early birth |
| What will a test and cull strategy do? | reduce herd prevalence but leave it more susceptible to severe abortion |
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