| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Bolling v. Sharpe (1954) | held that racial segregation in the public schools of the District of Columbia is a denial to Negro children of the due process of law guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment. |
| Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Bd. of Ed.(1970) | held that once violations of previous mandates directed at desegregating schools had occurred, the scope of district courts' equitable powers to remedy past wrongs were broad and flexible. |
| Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) ** | prohibited employment practices that have a discriminatory impact, as well as those intended to discriminate. |
| Milliken v. Bradley (1974) | The Court noted that desegregation, "in the sense of dismantling a dual school system," did not require "any particular racial balance in each 'school, grade or classroom.'" |
| Regents of the University of California v. Bakke (1978)** | nvalidated a medical school admissions plan, but permitted minority preferences. |
| United Steelworkers of America v. Weber (1979) | upheld Kaiser Chemical Corp.'s affirmative action plan giving 50 percent of skilled jobs to blacks until black employment at the plant reflected population figures. |
| Fullilove v. Klutznick (1980) | rejected a challenge by contractors to a federal requirement that 10 percent of the work on federal projects must go to minority firms. Held that the Congress could constitutionally use its spending power to remedy past discrimination. The case arose as a suit against the enforcement of provisions in a 1977 spending bill that required 10% of federal funds going towards public works programs had to go to minority-owned companies. |
| Bob Jones University v. United States (1983) | ruled that a university must have a racially nondiscriminatory policy with respect to students in order to maintain their tax-exempt status. |
| Firefighters Local Union No. 1784 v. Stotts (1984) | struck down a consent decree terminating employment of some whites in order to increase the number of minority workers. |
| United States v. Paradise (1987) | The Supreme Court ruled in a case involving the Alabama Department of Public Safety that judges may order employers to use numerical racial quotas in promotions as well as in hiring, to cure "egregious" past discrimination against blacks. |
| City of Richmond v. J. A. Croson Co. (1989) | held that held that the city council of Richmond's minority set-aside program, giving preference to minority business enterprises (MBE) in the awarding of municipal contracts, was unconstitutional under the Equal Protection Clause. |
| Patterson v. McClean Union (1989) | affirmed an earlier ruling prohibiting discrimination in the private sector, but also held that a Reconstruction era law does not ban racial harassment in the workplace. |
| Metro Broadcasting, Inc. v. Federal Communications Commission (1990) | upheld minority broadcast licensing preferences because they promoted the objective of broadcast diversity. |
| United States v. Fordice (1992) | ruled that the adoption of race-neutral policies alone does not fulfill a state's affirmative obligation to disestablish a prior de jure segregated university system. |
| Adarand Constructors v. Peña (1995) ** | held that racial classifications established by Congress must be analyzed under the strict scrutiny standard that applies to state and local governments, and the remedy must be narrowly tailored. |
| Parents Involved in Community Schools v. Seattle School District No. 1 ** | held that the student assignment plan of Seattle Public Schools and Jefferson County Public Schools does not meet the narrowly tailored and compelling interest requirements for a race-based assignment plan because it is used only to achieve "racial balance." Public schools may not use race as the sole determining factor for assigning students to schools. Race-conscious objectives to achieve diverse school environment may be acceptable. |
| Meredith V. Jefferson (2007) ** | regarding racial quotas and explicit racial desegregation in public education. The U.S. Supreme Court handed down an opinion on June 28, 2007, rejecting the use of a student's race in student assignment plans. |
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