B4 GA Pkt 7: (Pt 1-Male structure) Pelvic Organs (Ms. Julia's Packet)
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ashleighwhitehead on December 5, 2011
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103 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 what is the hollow distensible muscular organ whose primary fn is for the temporary storage of urine? | urinary bladder |
| the empty bladder is located | within pelvic cavity, posterior to pubic symphysis |
| What is the part of the bladder that is located POSTERIOR to the superior margin of the pubic symphysis | apex (anterior tip) |
| apex of the urinary bladder is attached to the umbilicus by | median umbilical ligament (remnant of urachus) |
| the inferior part of the bladder where the base and 2 inferolateral surfaces come together | neck |
| the neck leads into | urethra |
| what part of the bladder is the posterolateral end that receives the ureters? | base/fundus |
| where is the base/fundus of the urinary bladder in MALES located? | anterior to: ampullae of the ductus deferens seminal vesicles rectum |
| in females, the base/fundus of the urinary bladder is located | anterior to vagina inferior to uterus |
| the superior and 2 inferolateral surfaces make up the | BODY of the bladder |
| the body of the bladder is located between | base and apex |
| What is the ONLY surface of the bladder that is covered by peritoneum? | superior surface |
| as the bladder fills up, what happens? | superior wall rises upward within the loose areolar tissue between the parietal peritoneum and anterior abdominal wall--which elevates the peritoneum of the lower part of the anterior abdominal wall |
| fully distended bladder may reach the level of | umbilicus |
| fully distended bladder holds how much urine? | 500mL/1pint/16oz |
| the desire to urinate is usually experience when the bladder contains what amount of urine | 150mL |
| the sensation of fullness becomes increasingly uncomfortable when the bladder contains what amount of urine | 300mL |
| in an empty, contracted bladder, the mucosa of the body of the bladder folds into | small irregular RUGAE |
| when the bladder fills up, the Rugae | smooths out |
| the mucosa covering the BASE of the bladder | is smooth whether the bladder is empty or distended--this area is referred to as TRIGONE OF THE URINARY BLADDER |
| Trigone of the Urinary bladder | acts as a funnel that channels urine into the urethra when the bladder contracts has an opening @ each of its 3 angles |
| 3 openings of the Trigone | 2 ureteric ostia internal urethral orifice |
| the ureters enter the bladder | obliquely, via the 2 ureteric ostea--this allows the bladder wall to act as a valve to prevent reflux of urine into the ureter when P in the bladder is increased |
| 4 layers of the urinary bladder wall | 1. mucosa 2. submucosa 3. detrusor m./tunica muscularis 4. serous coat |
| the mucosa of the urinary bladder contains | TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM--which allows the bladder to inflate and deflate |
| the submucosa | layer of CT that joins mucosa w/ muscular coat |
| Tunica Muscularis/Detrusor m. (3rd layer of bladder) | consists of 3 layers of sm. m.: inner longitudinal middle circular outer longitudinal contraction of this m. compresses the bladder and expels its contents into the urethra |
| serous coat | outermost layer formed by peritoneum & ONLY COVERS SUPERIOR SURFACE OF BLADDER |
| in infants and young children, the bladder is located | w/in abdomen (b/c pelvic cavity is small @ this time) |
| the bladder begins to lie more in the pelvic cavity by | age 6 |
| the bladder doesn't ENTIRELY lie within the pelvic cavity until | AFTER PUBERTY |
| bladder cancer is more common in ______ | 3X more common in males |
| most pts w/ bladder cancer are age _____ | 60-70 |
| causes of bladder cancer | smoking chemical exposure to 2-naphthylamine |
| treatment of bladder cancer | is very difficult b/c the cancer spreads rapidly through adjacent lymphatic vessels and through pelvic bone marrow |
| What is the term that refers to the colonization of the urinary tract by bacterial or fungal invaders? | UTI |
| UTIs are more common in ________ | females b/c of the close proximity of the external urethral orifice to the anus |
| what is the most commonly involved bacteria with UTIs | Escherichia coli |
| in males, UTI symptoms are | asymptomatic, except for urethral discharge |
| detection of UTI | bacteria and blood cells in urine |
| the male urethra extends from | internal urethral orifice (@ neck of urinary bladder) --> external urethral orifice (@ tip of glans penis) |
| the male urethra functions | as a urinary canal passageway for cells and secretions from the reproductive organs |
| 3 parts of the male urethra | 1. prostatic urethra 2. membraneous/intermediate urethra 3. spongy/penile urethra |
| prostatic urethra | less than 1" long from urinary bladder through the anterior half of the prostate gland |
| the prostatic urethra (1st part of the urethra) has 4 specific internal features | urethral crest seminal colliculus prostatic utricle prostatic sinus |
| the urethral crest | midline ridge on the posterior wall of the prostatic urethra |
| seminal colliculus | oval-shaped enlargement of the middle of the urethral crest has 3 openings: for the paired ejaculatory ducts (2) and for the prostatic utricle |
| prostatic utricle | invagination homologous to the uterus and vagina in the female opening in the middle of the seminal colliculus |
| prostatic sinus | a groove just lateral/on each side of the urethral crest has openings for prostatic ductules |
| the second part of the urethra | membranous/intermediate urethra |
| membraneous/intermediate urethra | shortest part of the urethra distal to prostate gland surrounded by fibers of the EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER M. (skeletal m.) |
| in males and females, the external urethral sphincgter m. acts as | a valve must voluntarily be relaxed to permit urination |
| what n. innervates the external urethral sphincter m.? | perineal br. of pudendal n. |
| the fibers of the external urethral sphincter m. enclose what structure | bulbourethral glands/cowper's glands |
| fn of cowper's glands | secrete mucus-like fluid in response to sexual stimulation provide lubrication to tip of penis for intercourse secrete ALKALINE substance that protects sperm by neutralizing the acid environment of the urethra |
| 3rd part of the urethra | spongy/penile urethra |
| the spongy/penile urethra passes through | passes through the Corpus Spongiosum of the penis --> terminates as the EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE @ the tip of the penis |
| the spongy penile urethra contains 4 important internal structures/features | ducts of bulbourethral glands urethral/Littre glands urethral lacunae navicular fossa |
| the ducts of the bulbourethral glands open into | the proximal part of the spongy urethra |
| urethral/Littre glands produce | mucus for lubrication during intercourse |
| the urethral glands open into | urethral lacunae |
| within the glans penis, the spongy urethra dilates to form the | navicular fossa |
| the female urethra extends from | internal urethral orifice (at neck of urinary bladder) --> external urethral orifice (posterior to the clitoris and anterior to the vaginal opening) |
| external urethral orifice (of the FEMALE) is located where? | posterior to the clitoris and anterior to the vaginal opening |
| the female urethra is surrounded by 2 mm. that are under VOLUNTARY control | external urethral sphincter m. urethrovaginal sphincter m. |
| the urethrovaginal sphincter m. | compresses both the urethra and vagina also assists in stabilizing the Perineal body |
| the Ductus Deferens (male) begins as | continuation of the tail of the epididymis within the scrotum |
| function of the Vas Deferens | convey mature sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct via peristaltic contractions stores sperm for several months |
| the vas deferens ascends... | as part of spermatic cord to enter SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING--> travels through INGUINAL CANAL--> @ DEEP INGUINAL RING, it separates from other structures of the spermatic cord and then curves around the lateral side of the Inferior Epigastric a. --> crosses External Iliac a. & v. to enter the pelvis--->runs inferiorly and along lateral pelvic wall where it lies ext. to the parietal peritoneum |
| when the vas deferns reaches the FUNDUS of the bladder, it passes | superior and then medial to the Seminal Vesicle and Ureter |
| after crossing the ureter, the vas deferens becomes dilated into the | AMPULLA OF THE DUCTUS DEFERENS |
| the ampullae of both of the ductus deferens come close together in midline, then each suddenly narrows just before each joins with | a duct of the seminal vesicle to form the 2 ejaculatory ducts |
| seminal vesicle duct + vas deferens (narrow inferior part of an ampulla) = | 2 ejaculatory ducts (1 on each side) |
| seminal vesicle is located | posterior to base of urinary bladder lateral to ampulla of ductus deferens anterior to rectum inferiorly, it joins the narrow inferior part of an ampulla of the vas deferens to form the EJACULATORY DUCT |
| each seminal vesicle is | lobulated glandular structure 6' long blind-ending tube, folded and coiled |
| the seminal vesicle contributes what % (volume) to the semen | ~ 60% |
| the secretions of the seminal vesicle have a high [fructose] that provide what fn to the semen | 1.increase mobility of sperm (b/c sperm is stored in d. deferens for a while, so when it reaches the seminal vesicle, it gets more peppy) 2. neutralize acidity of vagina |
| what causes the seminal vesicle contents to be emptied into the ejaculatory duct? | contraction of sm. m. within its wall |
| the ejaculatory duct | is formed when the narrow inferior ends of the seminal vesicles join the narrow inferior parts of the ampullae of the d. deferens. |
| the union of the d.deferens and seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct TAKES PLACE WHERE | WITHIN PROSTATE GLAND |
| each ejaculatory duct runs | anteriorly and inferiorly through the posterior part of the prostate gland |
| each ejaculatory duct opens into the | PROSTATIC URETHRA ON THE SEMINAL COLLICULUS, just lateral to the prostatic utricle |
| from this point on, the urinary and reproductive systems | in the male share the urethra as a common passageway |
| fn of the Ejaculatory Ducts | to eject the secretions of the d. deferens and s.vesicles into the prostatic urethra just before ejaculation |
| the prostate gland consists of | glandular tissue mixed w/ sm. m. and fibrous tissue |
| the prostate gland surrounds the | proximal part of the male urethra as it leaves the urinary bladder/first part of the male urethra/prostatic urethra |
| the base of the prostate gland | the superior area near the neck of the urinary bladder |
| the apex of the prostate gland | inferior area sitting ON the external urethral sphincter m. (membranous part w/ external urethral sphincter m. and 2 bulbourethral glands) |
| prostate gland is divided into 5 lobes | anterior middle/median lobe posterior lobe R & L lateral lobes |
| anterior lobe of the prostate gland is located | anterior to prostatic urethra consists of musculofibrous tissue |
| middle lobe of the prostate gland | posterior to prostatic urethra superior to ejaculatory ducts |
| posterior lobe | posterior to prostatic urethra inferior to e.ducts |
| right and left lateral lobes of prostate gland | on either side of prostatic urethra forms major part of the gland |
| Which lobe of the prostate gland is most commonly assoc. with internal urethral orifice obstruction? | middle/median lobe (b/c of hypertrophy/hyperplasia/enlargement of the middle lobe) |
| enlargement of the middle lobe leads to obstruction of the internal urethral orifice, which results in | nocturia (excessive urination @ night) dysuria (painful urination) urgency |
| the middle lobe is most commonly affected with benign prostatic hypertrophy in men of age | over age of 45 |
| posterior lobe of the prostate gland is most commonly affected in | prostate cancer (2nd most common cancer death in males) |
| what part of the prostate is palpable during a digital rectal examination? | posterior lobe |
| the ejaculatory ducts run anteriorly and inferior through the posterior part of the prostate gland to open into the | prostatic urethra |
| the prostate gland produces | a milky thin alkaline secretion that produces the characteristic odor of semen and neutralized the acids normally found in the male urethra and acids encountered w/in the vagina |
| the prostate gland contributes what % (volume-wise) to semen | 20-30% |
| the 20-30 prostatic ducts open into | prostatic sinus (groove on either side of the urethral crest) |
| the prostate gland's secretions are ejected into the prostatic urethra by | peristaltic contractions of the muscular wall |
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