|
 Bull Moose | Four-footed symbol of Roosevelt's Progressive third party in 1912 |
| Socialist (Social Democratic) | A fourth political party, led by former labor union leader Eugene V. Debs, that garnered nearly a million votes in 1912 |
| New Freedom | Wilson's political philosophy of restoring democracy through trust-busting and economic competition |
| Federal Reserve Board | A twelve-member agency appointed by the president to oversee the banking system under a new federal law of 1913 |
| Federal Trade Commission | New presidentially appointed regulatory commission designed to prevent monopoly and guard against unethical trade practices |
| Clayton Anti-Trust Act | Wilsonian law that tried to curb business monopoly while permitting labor and agricultural organizations |
| Adamson Act | Wilsonian reform law that established an 8-hour day for railroad workers |
| Haiti | Troubled Caribbean island nation where a president's murder led Wilson to send in the marines and assume American control of the police and finances |
| ABC Powers (Argentina, Brazil, Chile) | Term for the three Latin American nations whose mediation prevented war between the U. S. and Mexico in 1914. |
| Central Powers | World War I alliance headed by Germany and Austria-Hungary |
| Allies | The coalition of powers - led by Britain, France, and Russia - that opposed Germany and its partners in World War I |
| submarine (u-boat) | New underwater weapon that threatened neutral shipping and seemed to violate all traditional norms of international law |
| The Lusitania | Large British passenger liner whose sinking in 1915 prompted some Americans to call for war against Germany |
| Sussex Pledge | Germany's carefully conditional agreement in 1916 not to sink passenger and merchant vessels without warning |
| California | Key electoral state where a tiny majority for Wilson tipped the balance against Hughes in 1916 |
| Thomas Woodrow Wilson | Southern-born intellectual who pursued strong moral goals in politics and the presidency |
| Theodore Roosevelt | Energetic progressive and vigorous nationalist who refused to wage another third-party campaign in 1916 |
| Samuel Gompers | Labor leader who hailed the Clayton Anti-Trust Act as the "Magna Carta of labor" |
| Louis D. Brandeis | Leading progressive reformer and the first Jew named to the U. S. Supreme Court |
| Virgin Islands | Caribbean territory purchased by the U. S. from Denmark in 1917 |
| General Huerta | Mexican revolutionary whose bloody regime Wilson refused to recognize and nearly ended up fighting |
| Venustiano Carranza | Second revolutionary Mexican president, who took aid from the U. S. but strongly resisted American military intervention in his country. |
| Vera Cruz | Port where clashes between Mexicans and American military forces nearly led to war in 1914 |
| "Pancho" Villa | Mexican revolutionary whose assaults on American citizens and territory provoked a U. S. expedition into Mexico |
| John J. Pershing | Commander of the American military expedition into Mexico in 1916-1917 |
| Belgium | Small European nation whose neutrality was violated by Germany in the early days of WWI |
| Serbia | Small European nation in which an Austro-Hungarian heir was killed, leading to the outbreak of WWI |
| Kaiser Wilhelm II | Autocratic ruler who symbolized ruthlessness and arrogance to may pro-Allied Americans |
| Charles Evans Hughes | Narrowly unsuccessful presidential candidate who tried to straddle both sides of the fence regarding American policy toward Germany |
| Eugene V. Debs | Socialist party leader who garnered nearly a million votes for president in the election of 1912 |