| Term | Definition |
|---|
| What are the three principal ORGANS of seed plants? | Roots, stems, and leaves |
| the funtion of roots? | Absorb water and dissolved nutrients, anchor plants, protect from harmful soil bacteria, and hold plants upright. |
| Function of stems? | carries nutirents, defense system, subsystems lift water from roots to the leaves to carry the products of photosynthesis from the leaves back down to the roots |
| Function of leaves | Plants main photosynthetic systems, help protect against water loss |
| What are the four main TISSUE systems? | Dermal (skin), Vascular (bloodstream), Ground, and Meistematic |
| Cuticle | Thick waxy coating of the epidermal cells |
| Trichomes | some epidermal cells have tiny projections, help to protect the leaf and also give it a fuzzy appearance |
| Purpose of root hairs | Provide a large amount of surface area to aid in water absorbtion |
| Epidermal Cells | The outer covering of a plant consists of dermal tissue, which consists of a single layer of epidermal cells. |
| What are the two subsystems in vascular tissue? | Xylem: a water conducting tissue, and Ploem: a food conducting tissue. |
| Xylem tissue | Consists of Tracheids and vessel elements. Transports water |
| Tracheids | Long narrow cells with walls that are impermeable to water. When they mature, they die, and their cytoplasm disintegrates. |
| Vessel element | They mature and die before they conduct water. The cell walls at both ends are lost when the cells die, transforming the stack of vessel elements into a continuous tube where water can move freely |
| Phloem | Consist of sieve tube elements and companion cells. Responsible for food/nutrients |
| Sieve tube elements | main phloem cells, the end walls have small holes in them for the movement of materials. As they mature, they loose their nuclei and most of the other organelles in their cytoplasm. It is a pipeline where sugars and other food are carried in a watery stream |
| Companion cells | Phloem cells, surround sieve tube elements. Support the phloem cells and aid in the movement of substances in and out of the phloem. |
| What 3 kind of cells make up ground tissue? | Parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma |
| Parenchyma | Ground tissue consists mainly of these cells.Cells have thin cell walls and large central vacuoules sunrrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm. Are the site of most of a plants photosynthesis. |
| Collenchyma | cells have strong flexible cell walls that helpo support larger plants. Make up the "strings" in a stalk of celery. |
| Sclerenchyma | cells have edxtremely thick, rigid cell walls that make ground tissue tough and strong |
| Meristems | clusters of tissue that are responsible for continuing growth throughout the plants lifetime. |
| Meristematic Tissue | produces cells that are undifferentiated (they have not yet become specialized). Only plant tissue that produces new cells by MITOSIS |
| Apical Meristem | Near the end or tip of each growing stem and root. A group of undifferentiated cells taht divide to produce increased length of stems and roots. |
| Differentiation | Cells develop into mature cells with specialized structures and functions |
| What are the two main types of roots? | Taproots (dicots) and fibrous (monocots) |
| Taproot | The primary root grows long while the secondary roots remain small |
| Fibrous roots | branch to such and extent that no single root grows larger than the rest |
| What are the layers of a mature root? | Outside layer, the epidermis, and a central cylinder of vascular tissue. Between the two tissues lies a large area of ground tissue. |
| What is the purpose of a root system? | Water and mineral transport |
| Cortex | Inside the epidermis, a spongy layer of ground tissue. |
| Endodermis | Completely encloses the root's vascular subsystem in a region called the vascular cylinder |
| Root cap | covers fragile new cells produced by meristem tissue. protects the root as it forces its way through the soil |
| What is the purpose of roots | to anchor a plant in the ground and absorb water and dissolved nutrients from the soil |
| What are trace elements and what do they include? | required in small quantitites for plant growth: sulfur, iron, zinc, molybdenum, boron, copper, magnese, and chlorine |
| What elements are essential plant nutirents? | CPPNM: Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium, calcium |
| Why is osmosis important? | THe high concentration of mineral ions in the plant cells causes water molecules to move into the plants by osmosis |
| How does water move from the root epidermis to the cortex? | by active transport and osmosis |
| Casparian strip | Each brick shaped cell is surrounded on four sides by a waterproof strip |
| What are stems three main functions? | 1.produce leaves, branches, and flowers 2. to hold leaves towards the sunlight 3. to transport substances between roots and leaves |
| Nodes | where the leaves attatch to the stems |
| Internode | Regions between the nodes |
| Buds | contain underdeveloped tissue that can produce new stems and leaves |
| Pith | parenchyma cells inside the ring of vascular tissue |
| Primary Growth | of stems is produced by cell divisions in the apical meristem. Takes place in all seed plants. Growth in length |
| Secondary Growth | growth of width. Takes place in lateral meristematic tissues called the vascular cambium and cork cambium |
| Vascular Cambium | Lateral meristimatic tissue,produces vascular tissues and increases thickness of stems over time |
| Cork Cambium | Produces the outer covering of stems. Part of stem growth |
| Heartwood | The older xylem near the center of the stem that no longer conducts water. Usually darkens with age because it accumulates impurities that cannot be removed. |
| Sapwood | Covers heartwood. Contains active xylem that transports water and minerals |
| Early wood | Growth beggining in the spring, the vascular cambium begins to grow rapidly which produces large light colored cell walls. |
| Late wood | Smaller and thicker cell walls forming a layer of dark wood, grows in winter |
| Bark | Includes tissues like cork, cork cambium and phloem. |
| Cork | consists of cells that have thick walls and usually contain fats, oils, or waxes. Waterproof and help prevent water loss |
| The role of phloem in bark | transports sugars produced by photosynthesis |
| What are the three leaf functions? | photosynthesis, transpiration, and gas exchange |
| Blades | Used to collect sunlight, thin flattened sections. attatched to the stem |
| Petiole | The blade is attatched to the stem by this thick stalk |
| Mesophyll | Makes up most of a leaf, ground tissue. Photosynthesis occurs here |
| Palisade Mesophyll | Underneath the epidermis. Layer of mesophyll cells that are closely packed and absorb light that enters the leaf |
| Spongy mesophyll | a loose tissue with many air spaces between its cells. |
| Stomata | porelike openings in the underside of the leaf that allow carbon dioxide and oxygen to diffuse into and out of the leaf |
| Gaurd cells | the specialized cells in the epidermis that control the opening and closing of stomata by responding to changes in water pressure. epidermal cells found on the underside of leaves |
| Transpiration | the loss of water through its leaves |
| Plants keep their stomata open.... | just enough to allow photosynthesis to take place but not so much that they lose an excessive amount of water |
| What three ways do plants move water through their xylem tissue? | Root pressure (osmosis), capillary action, and traspiration |
| Adhesion | attraction between unlike molecules |
| Capillary Action | the tendency of water to rise in a thin tube. Water is attracted to the walls of the tube, and water molecules are attracted to one another. |
| The major force in water transport.... | is provided by the evaporation of water from leaves during transpiration. |
| Transpiration Pull | When water is lost through transpiration, osmotic pressure moves water out of the vascular tissue of the leaf, then the movement of water out of the leaf "pulls" water upwards through the vascular system all the way from the roots |
| the leafs gas exchange subsystems helps to maintain homostaseous by | keeping the water content of the leaf relitively constant. Opening the stomata (water is abundant), closing the stomata (water is scarce) |
| Translocation | movement of water through a plant, getting water from the ground to the leaves |
| Wilting | results from loss of water and loss of pressure in the plants cells. Stomatas close and transpiration slows down |
| Source | any cell which sugars are produced by photosynthesis |
| Sink | a cell where the sugars are used or stored |
| Pressure flow hypothesis | When nutrients are pumped into or removed from the phloem system, the change in concentration causes a movement of fluid in that same direction. As a result, pohloem is able to move nutrients in either direction to meet the nutritional needs of a plant |
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