I think this chapter was about dirt or something
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Created by:
lastxtrainxhome on December 5, 2011
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62 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 when the planet was formed (big bang) | when were the earth's resources determined? |
| core | the innermost zone of the planet, made of nickel and iron |
| mantle | above core, contains magma |
| crust | the outermost layer |
| asthenosphere | located in the outer part of the mantle, composed of semi-molten, ductile rock |
| lithosphere | outermost layer, 100 km thick, brittle, made up of crust and solid upper mantle |
| uppermost portion of mantle | lowest part of lithosphere= |
| plumes of magma to well up from the mantle | intense heat at the center of the earth causes what? |
| hot spots | places where molten material from the mantle reach the lithosphere |
| the continuous change, creation, and renewal of earth materials in the lithosphere | what does mantle convection drive? |
| heat in earth's core | what is mantle convection created by? |
| they're moving | what is the coolest thing about tectonic plates? |
| because they are denser (contain more iron) | why do oceanic plates slide under continental plates? |
| they make magma and cause volcanoes | what happens when plates move over hot spots? |
| divergent plate boundaries | when plates move apart from one another: sea floor spreading |
| sea floor spreading | helps us gain access to elements |
| convergent plate boundaries | when plates move toward one another |
| narrow mountain range | oceanic+continental plates converge |
| large mountain range; dramatic collision | continental+continental plates converge |
| transform fault boundaries | plates move sideways alongside each other |
| fault | a fracture in rock across which there is movement |
| earthquakes | occur when the rocks of the lithosphere rupture unexpectedly along a fault |
| fault zone | large expanses of rock where movement has occurred |
| epicenter | the exact point on the surface of earth directly above the location where the rock ruptures. |
| richter scale | a measure of the largest ground movement that occurs during an earthquake. the scale increases by a factor of 10 |
| rock cycle | the constant formation and destruction of rock. it is really slow. |
| igneous rocks | rocks that form directly from magma |
| intrusive igneous | form from within earth as magma cools |
| extrusive igneous | form when magma cools above earth |
| fractures | occur when rock cools and is subject to stress |
| sedimentary rocks | form when sedimentary rocks such as mud, sand, or gravel are compressed by overlying sediments. form sand dunes,etc. |
| metamorphic rocks | when sedimentary rock, igneous rock, other metamorphic rocks are subjected to high temperatures and pressures |
| weathering | when rocks are exposed to air, water, certain chemicals or biological agents that degrade the rock |
| physical weathering | the physical breakdown of rocks and minerals |
| chemical weathering | breakdown of rocks and minerals by chemical reactions; it makes caves |
| erosion | the physical removal of rock fragments from a landscape or ecosystem. wind, water, ice transport the material, living organisms can erode materials as well |
| deposition | the accumulational depositing of eroded material such as sediment, rock fragments, or soil |
| weathering breaks things down, erosion moves things from point a to point b | difference between between weathering and erosion |
| erosion, deposition, and weathering | these 3 processes make soil |
| why soil is important | a medium for plant growth, serves as a filter for water, habitat for living organisms, serves as a filter for pollutants |
| factors that determine formation of soil | parent material, climate, topography, organisms, time |
| parent material | rock material underlying soil from which inorganic components are derived |
| topography | surface slope |
| O horizon | horizon that contains organic matter in various stages of composition |
| A horizon | horizon that contains underlying organic material mixed with underlying mineral material |
| B horizon | subsoil; horizon where metal and nutrients accumulate |
| C horizon | subsoil; horizon that is least-weathered, similar to parent material |
| texture | determined by percentage of sand, silt, and clay- use triangle |
| 40-40-20 | composition of loam |
| cation exchange capacity | the ability of a soil to absorb and release cations positively charged mineral ions |
| soil bases | calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium |
| soil acids | aluminum and hydrogen |
| base saturation | the proportion of soil bases to soil acids |
| soil organisms | bacteria, fungi, and protozoans (80-90%); snails, slugs, insects, earthworms, rodents also there |
| reserves | the known quantity of a resource that can be economically recovered |
| surface mining | removing minerals that are close to earth's surface |
| strip mining | removing strips of soil and rock to expose ore |
| open pit mining | the creation of a large pit/hole in the ground that is visible from the surface |
| mountaintop removal | removing the entire top of a mountain with explosives |
| placer mining | looking for metals and stones in river sediments |
| subsurface mining | when desired resource is more than 100 meters below earth's surface |
| how subsurface mining is accomplished | horizontal tunnel dug into the side of a mountain/other feature containing resource; miners go through vertical shafts on elevators |
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