Chapter 19 Latin America Vocab
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39 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Ferdinand of Aragon and Isabella of Castille | Monarchs of Christian kingdoms; marriage created the kingdom of Spain; initiated exploration of the new world |
| Encomiendas | Grants of estates Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors and settlers in Latin America; established a framework for relations based on economic dominance. |
| hispaniola | First island in the Caribbean settled by Spaniards; settled by Columbus on his second voyage. |
| Bartolome de las casas | Dominican friar who supported peaceful conversion of the Native American population; opposed forced labor and advocated Indian rights. |
| hernan cortes | Led expedition to Mexico in 1519; defeated Aztec Empire and established spanish colonial rule |
| moctezuma ii | Last independent Aztec ruler; killed during Cortés' conquest. |
| mexico city | Capital of New Spain, built on ruins of Tenochtitlan. |
| new spain | Spanish colonial possessions in Mesoamerica in territories once part of Aztec imperial system. |
| francisco vacquez de coronado | led Spanish expedition into sounthwestern US n search of gold |
| pedro de valdivia | Spanish conquistador; conquered Araucanian Indians of Chile and established city of Santiago in 1541 |
| mita | Forced labor system replacing Indian slaves and encomienda workers; used to mobilize labor for mines and other projects. |
| colombian exchange | Biological and ecological exchange that occurred after European arrival in the New World; peoples of Europe and Africa came to the Americas; animals, plants, and diseases moved between the Old and New Worlds |
| potosi | Largest New World silver mine; located in Bolivia. |
| huancavelica | Location of greatest deposit of mercury in South America; aided in American silver production |
| haciendas | Rural agricultural and herding estates; produced for consumers in America; basis for wealth and power of the local aristocracy. |
| consulado | Merchant guild of Seville; enjoyed virtual monopoly rights over goods shipped to American and handled much of the silver received in return. |
| galleons | Large, heavily armed ships used to carry silver from New World colonies to Spain; basis of convoy system used for transportation of bullion. |
| treaty of tordesillas | Concluded in 1494 between Castile and Portugal; clarified spheres of influence and rights of possession; Brazil went to Portugal and the rest to Spain. |
| recopilacion | Body of laws collected in 1681 for Spanish possessions in New World; basis of law in the Indies. |
| council of the indies | spanish government body that issued all laws and advised king on all issues dealing with the new wordl colonies |
| letrados | university-trained lawyers from spain; basic personnel of the spanish colonial bureaucratic system |
| viceroyalties | Major divisions of Spanish New World colonies headed by direct representatives of the king; one was based in Lima, the other in Mexico City. |
| audiencia | royal court of appeals established in spanish colonies of New World,; staffed by professional magistrates who made and applied laws. |
| sor juana ines de la cruz | 17th century Author, poet, and musician of New Spain; eventually gave up secular concerns to concentrate on spiritual manners |
| pedro alvares cabral | Portuguese leader of an expedition to India; blown off course in 1500 and landed in Brazil |
| captaincies | areas along the breazilian coast granted to portugese nobles for colonial development |
| paulistas | Backwoodsmen from São Paulo in Brazil; penetrated Brazilian interior in search of precious metals during 17th century. |
| minas gerais | Brazilian region where gold was discovered in 1695; a gold rush followed. |
| rio de janeiro | Brazilian port used for mines of Minas Gerais; became capital in 1763. |
| sociedad de castas | Spanish-American social system based on racial origins; Europeans on top, mixed race in the middle, Indians and African slaves at the bottom. |
| peninsulares | Spanish-born residents of the New World. |
| creoles | People of European ancestry born in Spanish New World colonies; dominated local economies; ranked socially below peninsulares. |
| amigos de pais | clubs and associations dedicated to reform in spanish colonies; flourished during the 18th century; called for material improvement rather than political reform |
| war of the spanish succession | (1702-1712); wide ranging war fought between European nations; resulted in the installation of Philip of Anjou as king of Spain |
| charles iii | Spanish enlightened monarch, ruled from 1759 to 1788; instituted fiscal, administrative, and military reforms in Spain and its Empire |
| jose de galvez | Spanish minister of the Indies and chief architect of colonial reform; moved to eliminated Creoles from upper bureaucracy of the colonies; created intendants from local government. |
| marquis of Pombal | Prime Minister of Portugal (1755-1776); strengthened royal authority in Brazil, expelled the Jesuits, enacted fiscal reforms, and established monopoly companies to stimulate the colonial economy. |
| comunero revolt | a popular revolt against spanish rule in new granada in 1781; suppressed due to government concessions and divisions among rebels |
| tupac amaru | Mestizo leader of Indian revolt in Peru; supported by many among lower social classes; revolt eventually failed because of Creole fears of real social revolution. |
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