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 potential energy | the energy that an object has because of the position, shape, or condition of the object |
| kinetic energy | the energy of an object that is due to the object's motion |
| mechanical energy | the amount of work an object can do because of the object's kinetic and potential energies |
| thermal energy | all of the kinetic energy due to randon motion of the particles that make up an object |
| chemical energy | the energy of a compound that changes as its atoms are rearranged |
| electrical energy | the energy of moving electrons |
| sound energy | is caused by an object's vibrations |
| light energy | is produced by the vibrations of electrically charged particles |
| nuclear energy | is energy that comes from changes in the nucleus of an atom |
| energy conversion (transformation) | a change from one form of energy to another |
| Law of Conservation of Energy | the law that states that energy cannot be created or destroyed but can be changed from one form to another |
| convection | the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid |
| conduction | the transfer of energy from one substance to another through direct contact |
| radiation | the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, such as visible light and infrared waves |
| closed system | a group of objects that transfer energy only to each other |
| temperature | a measure of how hot (or cold) something is; specifically, a measure of the average kinetic energy of the particles in an object |
| Joules | the unit used to express energy |
| thermal conductor | a material through which energy can be transferred as heat |
| thermal insulator | a material that reduces or prevents the transfer of heat |