Honors Anatomy Exam 1
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kelleylittle on December 6, 2011
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124 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 anatomy | Branch of science dealing with the form and structure of body parts. |
| physiology | Branch of science that studies body functions. |
| Integumentary system | System functions: Protective covering, regulates body temperature and water loss, houses sensory receptors, synthesizes chemicals and excretes some wastes. |
| Muscular system | System functions: Produce movement, maintain posture, stabilize joints, and generate heat. |
| Skeletal system | System functions: Shape, support, and protect, acts as levers to create body movement, house blood cells producing tissue, and store inorganic salts. |
| Nervous system | System functions: React to the environment and send signals. |
| homeostasis | The maintenance of a stable internal environment. Often maintained by negative feedback. |
| body cavities | What are dorsal and ventral cavities? |
| Dorsal cavity | Includes the cranial cavity and vertebral cavity. |
| Ventral cavity | Includes the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity. |
| sagittal, transverse, coronal | Three types of planes: |
| Sagittal plane | Lengthwise cut dividing the body into right and left portions. |
| Midsagittal plane | Lengthwise cut dividing the body into equal right and left portions. |
| Transverse plane | Cut that divides the body into superior and inferior portions. |
| Coronal plane | Cut that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions. |
| Superior | Above a body part. |
| Inferior | Below a body part. |
| Anterior | In front of a body part. |
| Posterior | Behind a body part. |
| Medial | Towards the middle of the body or part. |
| Lateral | Towards the side of the body or part. |
| Proximal | Close to a body part. |
| Distal | Far from a body part. |
| Superficial | On the surface of the body. |
| Deep | Lying beneath the skin (closer to middle of body). |
| Histology | The study of the microscopic structure of tissues. |
| Epithelial tissue | Major functions: protection, secretion, absorption, and excretion. |
| Glandular epithelium | Major function: secretion. |
| Merocrine, apocrine, and holocrine glands | Types of glandular epithelium. |
| Merocrine glands | Glands that release fluid through exocytosis. |
| Apocrine glands | Glands that release cellular product by pinching off the free end of the cell. |
| Holocrine glands | Glands that secrete the entire cell full of the secretory product. |
| connective tissue | Tissue that binds organs, protects organs, supports, and transports. |
| basement membrane | Protein fibers that hold onto tightly packed cells to make epithelial tissue. |
| simple squamous | Single layer of thin, flat cells located in the air sacs of lungs and lines blood vessels. |
| simple cuboidal | Single layer of cube-shaped cells located on kidney tubules, ovaries, and ducts of glands. |
| Simple columnar | Single layer of elongated, column-shaped cells located in uterus, stomach, and intestines. |
| Pseudostratified | Single layer of elongated cells that appears to be more than one layer located in the lining of respiratory passages. |
| stratified squamous epithelium | Consists of many layers of cells with flat cells on the outer layers such as the linings of oral cavity, throat, vagina, and cavity. |
| stratified cuboidal epithelium | Consists of 2-3 layers of cubed-shaped cells located in mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas. |
| stratified columnar epithelium | Consists of a top layer of elongated cells, and lower layers of cube-shaped cells located in the vas deferens and pharynx. |
| Transitional epithelium | Consists of many layers of cube-shaped and elongated cells located in bladder, ureters, and urethra. |
| Loose connective tissue | Type of connective tissue that binds organs together and holds tissue fluids. Located beneath the skin, between muscles, and beneath epithelial tissue. |
| adipose tissue | Type of connective tissue that protects, insulates, and stores fat in droplets inside the cells. Located beneath the skin, around kidneys, behind eyes, and on heart. |
| Reticular connective tissue | Type of connective tissue that is composed of thin, collagenous fibers and cells in a fluid-gel matrix. Located in walls of liver, spleen, and lymphatic organs. |
| dense connective tissue | Type of connective tissue that binds organs together. Located in tendons, ligaments, and the dermis of the skin. |
| elastic connective tissue | Type of connective tissue that supports protects, and provides a flexible framework. Located in the walls of arteries and airways. |
| cartilage | Type of connective tissue that is rigid, provides protection, framework, and absorbs shock. Located at the ends of bones, ears, nose, between vertebrae, and knee. |
| bone | Type of connective tissue that supports, protects, provides a framework for muscle attachment. Located in the skeleton and ear. |
| blood | Type of connective tissue that transports gases, nutrients, and wastes. Located within the blood vessels. |
| Epithelial membrane | Type of membrane that is thin, sheet-like, and cover body surfaces. |
| Serous membrane | Type of membrane that lines body cavities that lack an opening to the outside. Lines thorax and abdomen. |
| Mucous membrane | Type of membrane that lines cavities and tubes open to the outside. Lines nose, mouth, digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive systems. |
| Synovial membrane | Type of membrane that is made up of connective tissue and lines fibrous capsules surrounding joints. Lacks an epithelial layer. |
| Cutaneous membrane | Type of membrane that is an epithelial membrane commonly called skin. Contains epidermis and dermis. |
| Basement membrane | Membrane that separates the epidermis and the dermis. |
| Epidermis, dermis, hypodermis (subcutaneous layer) | List the layers of the skin. |
| Epidermis | Layer of skin that is made up of stratified squamous cells. |
| Dermis | Layer of skin that is made up of dense connective tissue and smooth muscle tissue. |
| Subcutaneous layer | Layer of skin that contains adipose tissue and binds skin to underlying organs. |
| epidermis | Layer of skin that lacks blood vessels and has five layers. |
| dermis | Layer of skin containing dermal papillae, blood vessels, hair follicles, and sebaceous and sweat glands. |
| Subcutaneous layer | Layer of skin that contains that major blood vessels that supply the skin. |
| Skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle | List the types of muscle tissue. |
| skeletal muscle | Type of muscle tissue that attaches to bones and are voluntary. |
| Smooth muscle | Type of muscle that is involuntary, lacks striations, and is found in the stomach, intestines, uterus, and blood vessels. |
| cardiac muscle | Type of muscle that is involuntary, striated, and found in the heart. |
| Keratin | Type of skin protein that hardens cells. |
| Elastin | Type of skin protein that makes up the yellow, elastic fibers of connective tissue. |
| collagen | Type of skin protein that is in the white fibers of connective tissues and in bone matrix. |
| melanin | Type of skin protein that is a dark pigment protecting the skin and hair. |
| osteocyte | Type of bone cell that is mature. |
| osteoblast | Type of bone cell that is dividing and forms bone. |
| osteoclast | Type of bone cell that destroys bone. |
| Compact and spongy bone | The two types of bone tissue. |
| Compact bone | Bone tissue that is dense and forms around the central canal to make osteons. |
| spongy bone | Bone tissue that is small, needle-like, keeps us light, and allows blood vessels to go through. |
| long bone | Type of bone that is long and has a shaft with two heads at the ends. Mostly compact bone, but has spongy bone at the ends. |
| endochondral ossification | The process by which hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone. |
| frontal | Bone that is the anterior portion of cranium and roof of orbits |
| temporal | Bone that is side of skull and base of cranium. |
| zygomatic | Bones that make up the cheek bones. |
| hyoid | U-shaped bone in the neck that supports the tongue. |
| mandible | The lower jaw that is the only moveable bone in the skull. |
| occipital | Bone that makes up the back of the skull. Foramen magnum runs through it. |
| maxillae | Bone that is the upper jaw and makes up the hard palate. |
| humerus | Bone that forms the upper arm and articulates with the glenoid fossa of the scapula. |
| radius | Bone that is the lateral aspect of the forearm. |
| ulna | Bone that is the medial aspect of the forearm. |
| carpals | Eight small bones of the wrist. |
| Metacarpals | Five bones that make up the framework of the palm. |
| phalanges | Bones that make up the fingers: three in each finger, two in thumb. |
| sternum | Bone that is part of the thorax. Upper manubriam that articulates with the clavicle. Middle body. |
| ribs | Twelve bones that are attached to each thoracic vertebrae. |
| vertebrae | Series of small bones that make up the back bone. |
| clavicle | Collarbone in the pectoral girdle. |
| scapula | Shoulder bone in the pectoral girdle |
| ischium | Curved bone at the base of the pelvic girdle. |
| ilium | Upper crests of the pelvic girdle. |
| pubis | Pair of bones forming the front of the pelvic girdle. |
| Femur | Lower limb bone that is the thigh bone and longest bone. |
| tibia | Lower limb bone that is the shin bone. Medial lower leg bone. |
| fibula | Lower limb bone that is lateral to the tibia. |
| tarsals | Seven small bones in the ankle. |
| metatarsals | Elongated bones that form the arch of the foot. |
| phalanges | Three bones that make up the toes. |
| sarcomere | Repeating patterns created by striations along the fiber. I bands are made of actin, A bands are made of myosin. |
| sliding filament mechanism | Mechanism that occurs when actin filaments are pulled inward by myosin cross-bridges to shorten muscle fibers, making a contraction. |
| neuromuscular junctions | Motor neuron axons join the skeletal muscle at these. |
| Sarcolemma | Muscle cell membrane. |
| sarcoplasm | The cytoplasm containing nuclei, mitochondria, and myofibrils. |
| Myofibrils | Part of the muscle that is composed of protein filaments, myosin, and actin. |
| Dendrites, axons, Schwann cells, and Myelin Sheath | Parts of a Neuron |
| Astrocytes, oligodendroytes, microglia, ependyma | Types of neuroglia |
| Astrocytes | Neuroglia that is star-shaped and aid in healing brain injury. |
| Oligodendroytes | Neuroglia that form the myelin in the brain and spinal cord. |
| microglia | Neuroglia that support neurons and phagocytize bacteria and cell debris. |
| Ependyma | Neuroglia that regulate the composition of cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Axons end in synoptic knob at terminal, separated from the synaptic cleft. | Structure of a synapse. |
| Resting membrane potential | The difference in electrical charge between two points is the potential difference. Usually -70 mVolts. |
| Sodium-potassium pump | Mechanism of the action potential. |
| Dura mater, arachnoid matter, pia mater | Name the meninges layers. |
| choroid plexuses | Specialized capillaries of the pia mater that make cerebrospinal fluid. |
| Cerebrospinal fluid | Clear fluid with high sodium ions and low glucose and potassium concentration, compared to other body fluids. |
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