World Issues: India Part 2
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digumarthisr on December 6, 2011
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58 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Harappa | Site of one of the great cities of the Indus Valley civilization of the third millennium B.C.E. It was located on the northwest frontier of the zone of cultivation , and may have been a center for the acquisition of raw materials |
| Mohenjo-daro | Indus Valley city laid out in a grid pattern. Had a complex irrigation and sewer system., One of the first settlements in India |
| Vedism | the form of Hinduism that revolves primarily around the mythic version and ritual ideologies in the Vedas, also called Brahmanism |
| Indra | chief deity of the Aryans; depicted as a colossal, hard-drinking warrior God of thunder and strength |
| Rama/Vishnu | He was the main character of Ramayana. He was the seventh reincarnation of this god. He came to the free world from evil forces. He ruled what many Hindus today believe was a perfect Hindu state. |
| Mauryas/Ashoka | Mauryas rules largest Indian empire ever in 3rd century BC. Leader was Ashoka, who built roads, had administration, taxes, justice, tolerance, spread concept of dharma |
| Kalidasa | wrote Shakuntula, one of India's greatest writers. Might have been court poet for Chandra Gupta II. Famous play - Shakuntala - girl who falls in love w/ and marries a King |
| jizya | tax paid by Christians and Jews and Hindus who lived in Muslim communities to allow them to continue to practice their own religion |
| Mughal Empire | an Islamic imperial power that ruled a large portion of Indian subcontinent which began in 1526, invaded and ruled most of Hindustan (South Asia) by the late 17th and early 18th centuries, and ended in the mid-19th century |
| Babur | founder of Mughal dynasty in India; descended from Turkic warriors; first led invasion of India in 1526; died in 1530. |
| Humayun | The son of Babur and his successor as ruler of the Mughal Empire. He also helped enlarge the empire |
| Akbar | Most illustrious sultan of the Mughal Empire in India (r. 1556-1605). He expanded the empire and pursued a policy of conciliation with Hindus |
| Sulahkul | Universal tolerance of religion declared by Akbar |
| Shah Jahan | Mogul emperor of India during whose reign the finest monuments of Mogul architecture were built (including the Taj Mahal at Agra) (1592-1666) |
| Aurangzeb | Mughal emperor in India and great-grandson of Akbar, under whom the empire reached its greatest extent, only to collapse after his death |
| Shivaji | He was a leader of the Marathas, Hindus, who inhabited the rough hills of the Western Ghats. Some of his attacks further weakened the Mughals. He practiced Robin-hood like exploits, Aurangzeb called him the Mountain Rat |
| Bhaktism | This movement, simplified Hinduism (7th century) into the love of an individual for his or her personal god, worship directed to one supreme deity, typically Vishnu or Shiva---goal is to attain grace salvation, attainable regardless of sex, caste, or class. Practiced by the majority of Hindus today. Involves basic prayers, pilgrimages; devotion is personal |
| Sufism | An Islamic mystical tradition that desired a personal union with God--divine love through intuition rather than through rational deduction and study of the shari'a. Followed an ascetic routine (denial of physical desire to gain a spiritual goal), dedicating themselves to fasting, prayer, meditation on the Qur'an, and the avoidance of sin |
| Sikhs | Members of a religious community founded in the Punjab region of India |
| Khalsa | the group of initiated Sikhs to which devout orthodox Sikhs are ritually admitted at puberty |
| British East India Company | Government charted joint-stock company that controlled spice trade in the East Indies after the Dutch |
| Calcutta | Headquarters of British East India Company in Bengal in Indian subcontinent; located on Ganges; captured in 1756 during early part of Seven Years' War; later became administrative center for all of Bengal |
| Robert Clive | This man was a British soldier who established the military and political supremacy of the East India Company in Southern India and Bengal. He is credited with securing India, and the wealth that followed, for the British crown |
| Warren Hastings | 1732-1818, governor of Bengal 1772, Governor General of India 1773-85, expansion of British power up Ganges river |
| Lord Wellesley | The fifth governor-general following Warren Hastings. He had different views than him however. In 1790's he conquered much territory along the eastern coast and in the southern peninsula. The company, however, was angry because these military campaigns were draining cash so he was sent back to England |
| Sati | a ritual that required a woman to throw herself on her late husband's funeral pyre or burn herself. This was done gladly and if a woman didn't comply with this she would be disgraced |
| Sepoys | Indian soldiers in the British army |
| Bahadur Shah | emperor of India; led sepoys in their mutiny |
| Cawnpore | The site of a British East India Company on the Ganges River, here sepoys mutinied against their British rulers who surrendered |
| Government of India Act of 1858 | Following the conflict of 1857, the British government took control of India from the East India Company in this act. The viceroy (instead of governor general) was in charge of every section of administration. His consent was necessary for any law or regulation. A council of eight to twelve Indians was formed but they had no authority |
| Indian Councils Act of 1909/Morley-Minto reforms | legislative outcome of Morley's proposed reforms; create Indian majorities in provincial legislatures, full election; specific allocated seats for Muslims |
| Government of India Act of 1919 | Increased the percentage of adult male population who could vote. Qualifications for voting included land revenue or past or present service in the armed forces. Ten percent of the adult male population was now eligible to vote. Separate electorates were given to Muslims, angloindians, Indian christians, sikhs, and business leaders |
| Stafford Cripps | He was sent on a mission in 1942 to get Indian support for the war effort. He offered Indian leaders eventual independence. According to his plan, immediately following the war provinces and states would send representatives that would create a body and draft a constitution. The british government would accept the constitution as long as any province or state had the right not to agree to the constitution. The British Government hoped that India would remain part of the British Commonwealth but India would have the right to declare independence. The plan broke down however, in part due to GB's refusal to agree with several demands of the Congress Party. He then later went on the cabinet mission of 1946 |
| British Commonwealth | an association of nations consisting of the United Kingdom and its dependencies and many former British colonies that are now sovereign states but owe allegiance to the British Crown |
| Cabinet Mission of March 1946 | An attempt to create a free an liberated India. It worked with four Major groups: the Congress Party, the Muslim League, the Unionist Party, and the Sikhs. They all wished for an end to British rule but they disagreed over what independent India would look like. This mission preferred that India become part of the Commonwealth and cooperate with India in defending South Asia against the Soviet's encroachment. It believed partition and the creation of Pakistan would be unwise. They planned to stay in India until an agreement was reached |
| Allan Hume | In December 1885, this Scotsman who had once worked for the Indian Civil Service helped for the Indian National Congress; for the next ten years, Congress met once a year. Members were lawyers, journalists, civil servants. Major goal was to increase access to the Indian Civil Service; sought constitutional reform within the Brtish Empire |
| Swadeshi | self-reliance: A boycott of British manufactured goods and to replace them with Indian-made products; this put many British laborers out of work and put additional pressure on the British. The British gave in and Ghandi and his followers, originally jailed, were set free and the taxes were lowered as well as the restrictive laws that defied the Indian National Congress were revoked |
| Swaraj | Indian term for "self-rule" and refers to Gandhi's dream for India's independence |
| Rowlatt Bills | Used starting in the first WWI, this act allowed the arrest and jailing of people in India without a trial charges; these 'emergency measures' had the intention of controlling public unrest |
| Reginald Dyer | English general who banned all public meetings in Sikh holy city of Amritsar during a religious festival and then proceeded to masacre unarmed civilians |
| Amritsar | To protest the Rowlatt act, 10,000 Hindus and Muslims went to the capital of Punjab in 1919. They fasted, prayed, and gave speeches. However, British Genderal Dyer thought they were openly defying the ban, and open fired at them without warning |
| Satyagraha | the form of nonviolent resistance initiated in India by Mahatma Gandhi in order to oppose British rule and to hasten political reforms |
| Ahimsa | a Buddhist and Hindu and especially Jainist doctrine holding that all forms of life are sacred and urging the avoidance of violence |
| Muslim League | an organization formed in 1906 to protect the interests of India's Muslims, which later proposed that India be divided into separate Muslim and Hindu nations |
| Mahasabha | A Hindu nationalist organization that tried to convert many Muslims back to Hinduism through a shuddhi movement |
| Bante Mataram | ... |
| Lucknow Pact | A 1916 alliance between Hindus leading the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League |
| Mohammed Ali Jinnah | He was the head of the Muslim League in India, and worked to found Pakistan. He then became the first-governor-general of Pakistan (1876-1948) |
| Now or Never | This pamphlet was published in 1933 by Choudhary Ali, an Indian Muslim, and called for a completely separate state for Muslims; Pakistan, or the five northern territories of Punjab, Northwest Frontier (Afghan) Province, Kashmir, Sindh, and Baluchistan |
| Cabinet Mission Goals | Composed on March 23, 1946 when three members of the British cabinet (including Sir Stafford Cripps) were sent to Karachi India, these goals were: 1. To help the Indian people reach an agreement that would establish a free and united India (within the British Commonwealth) 2. To create an interim government of Indian leaders that would assist the British Viceroy in governing India until Independence was granted. Ultimately, developing a plan that would satisfy the various Indian factions and the British government, the broker of "how she will do it." 3. Find interim government until independence had been fully granted |
| Khalistan/Land of the Pure | Theocratic and democratic homeland of the Sikhs |
| Direct Action Day | August 16 1946, it was called by Ali Jinnah for Muslims to show their disapproval of Congress' actions. It was rooted from the Muslim withdrawl from the three tier plan suggested by the English and the discontent of the Muslims with Congress' behavior in the Constituent Assembly on July 6. On the day, supporters organized business closings and rallies. In Calcutta Muslim rioters killed aproximately 5,000 Hindus. Violence then erupted between the two groups of Muslims and non-muslims. |
| Lord Mountbatten | The last Viceroy that called for the partitioning of the subcontinent of India into Hindu and Muslim states as the British left |
| August 15, 1947 | the day that India officially gained independence from Britain |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | Indian statesman who succeeded Gandhi as leader of the Indian National Congress. He negotiated the end of British colonial rule in India and became India's first prime minister (1947-1964) |
| Indira Gandhi | daughter of Nehru who served as prime minister of India from 1966 to 1977 (1917-1984) |
| Rajiv Gandhi | Indira Gandhi's son and was prime minister of India 1985-1989. Had some reform of economy and gov't but also faced rebellion and was assassinated by Tamil Tigers |
| Awani League | group from East Pakistan that in the 1970 elections ran on a platform calling for a federal and parliamentary structure on the national level with more local autonomy for each "wing" of Pakistan, it called for each of the two sections of Pakistan to have its own currency, fiscal accounts, earnings from foreign exchange, and militia |
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