Stevens History People Final Exam
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134 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Narmer | First Pharoah of Egypts First Dynasty, united upper and lower egypt |
| Djoser | built the step pyramid in the third dynasty |
| Sneferu | Built 3 Pyramids: Step, Bent, and first "True", 4th Dynasty |
| Khufu | sneferu's son, had complex pyramid complex |
| Khafre | khufus son, has statue of him with horus on his neck, |
| Mentuhotep II | Reunited egypt after the first intermediate period, was a Theban King |
| Amenemhat | vizier but became pharaoh, kept Thebes as capital, made sun co-ruler for smooth transition later, propaganda saying he reunited egypt |
| Senusret II | built brick pyramid at Dahsur and was a step pyramid, oversaw cropland expansion, prolific fort builder |
| Ahmose I | first king of the new kingdom, 18th dynasty |
| Hatshepsut | regent to Thutmose III, but kept power, focused on trade and building |
| Thutmose III | erased his mom (hatshepsut) name, expanded egypt to the largest ever battle of megiddo |
| Amenhotep III | solidified peace by marrying mitanni prince, ran a bureaucracy, built luxor temple for amun-ra and expanded karnak temple |
| Akhenaton | originally named Amnhotep IV, monotheist, new god was just Aten, built capital of Akhenaten, new art style, married nerfetiti and had 6 kids |
| Nerfetiti | married to akhenaton and had 6 kids, |
| Tutankhamun | was called Tutankhaten but changed name to please god amun, boy pharoah whos vizier was Ay, short unsuccesful reign, tomb dicovered filled with riches, tries to worship aten and traditional gods simultaneously |
| Horemheb | was a general who took over, erased memory of preddecessor, claims to be direct ancestor of amenhotep III, restores imperialism |
| Seti I | battle with hittites for control of syria failed to win against hitites, 19ths dyansty role models were Thutmose III and Amenhotep III |
| Ramses II | claimed to win battle of kadesh made treaty of kadesh numerous building porjects (Pi-Ramesse was new city he built) |
| Ramses III | resourceful pharoah, beat the sea people, egypt declined under him anyway |
| Wuding | king of Shang Dynasty, chinas first king, wife was lady hao |
| Fu Hao | powerful shang queen wife of wuding called lady hao oracle bones give evidence of her leading troops to battle rich tomb |
| Di Xin | evil last king of Shang Dynasty |
| Wen | protested against shang and went to jail for 7 year forerunner of first Zhou king high official in shang court tried to convince others to join him but died too soon |
| Wu | Wen's son first Zhou Emperor overthrew Di Xin in battle of Muye |
| Duke of Zhou | served as regent for his nephew but kept power of western Zhou younger brother of King Wu offered his life to save Wu said to be virtuous |
| You | last ruler of the western zhou dynasty shunner first wife for Bao Si sent false alarms to amuse Bao Si which causes nobody to respond when his first wife's family killed him later |
| Bao Si | partial cause of King you downfall amused by false alarms |
| Duke Huan of Qi | appointed hegemon when china was under threat of invasion and civil war promoted Guan Zhong as his head advisor was 1st hegemon and remained heg. through spring and autumn period appointed instead of his brother Jiu |
| Guan Zhong | imprperly lived after supporting losing political candidate (should have commited suicide) became appointed the advisor and honorary uncle of duke huan of qi hard working |
| Shensheng | very virtuous, obeyed his father (duke xian of jin) Lady Li tried to make him get killed framed (by lady li) for trying to poison his dad and committed suicide to not disgrace his dad |
| Lady Li | rong princess who married duke xian of jin after he went to battle against the rong became dukes favorite and had a son her son would not become ruler because duke had 3 other sons she planned to eliminate 3 son she and her family eventually were killed |
| Laozi | founder of Daoism and author of daodejing wanted to leave china but guard made him write down his teachings possibly mythical |
| Confucius | philosopher during warring states period sought to be advisor teachings are in :the analects" accepts men of any kind to teach taugh 6 things: 1. ritual 2. archery 3. charioterring 4. music 5. math 6. caligraphy |
| Sun Wu | military strategist during warring states wrote "the art of war" |
| Shi Huangdi | Ying Zheng unified china after warring states improved china harsh legalism tomb was huge-with terracotta army built the great wall paranoid of death-many people tried to kill him founder of qin dynasty |
| Huhai | foolish and gullible son of Shi Huangdi puppet of Zhao Gao Zhao Gao gave a note to his older brother saying his dad wanted older brother be commit suicide which made Huhai king told a deer was a horse and became known for foolishness |
| Xiang Yu | leader of revolt against qin racing to capital against liu bang liu bang leaves and he destroys the capital |
| Liu Bang | commoner who became ting leader then a bandit after some of his prisoners ran away on a prison transport got to capital before Xiang Yu but leaves when Xiang Yu wants to fight regained control of capital and started Han dynasty |
| Ashurbanipal | leader of the Assyrians |
| Nebuchadnezzar II | leader of the New Babylonians, married Median princess, expanded westward, rebuilt babylon, leader when they overthrew assyrians |
| Cyaxeres II | leader of the medes when they overthrow assyria |
| Astyages | unpopular leader of the medes when cyrus overthrew |
| Croesus | lydian king who consulted oracle at delphi about great empire falling, his army got scared of Cyrus's camels |
| Nabonidus | unpopular new babylonians ruler when Cyrus took over, worshipped moon god>sun god and missed festivals |
| Xenophon | leader of the march of 10,000, writes book about it later |
| Zoroaster | creater of montheistic religion where you only worship Ahurmazda |
| Cyrus | first king of persia, conquered lots of people, was nice to captives |
| Cambyses | conquered egypt, succesor of cyrus, dies mysteriously and is succeeded by bardiya or gautama |
| Bardiya | cambyses brother who ruled eastern persia and had a reputation for kindness, might have ruled |
| Gautama | possible imposter of bardiya |
| Darius I | began ruling after the bardiya/gautama complication, nobles put him on the thrown, built a boat bridge over hellespont, standarized coinage, made royal road |
| Xerxes I | king of persia during battle of thermopylae and battle of salamis, built two boat bridges over hellespont, whipped sea and beheaded engineers when boat bridge broke, assasianted by Artabanus and Megabyzux |
| Artemisia | female thracian sailing for persia who rammed a sinking persian ship so greeks would think she was persian and then ran away, Xerxes said "My men are becoming women and my women are becoming men" |
| Megabyzus | great general, conspired to kill xerxes, stops artaxerexes I from being assasinated, puts down egypt revolt, revolts against artaxerxes I |
| Artaxerxes I | son of xerxes, manipulated by his mom |
| Artaxerxes II | ruler after Darius II, Artaxerxes I grandson, puts down his brother (Cyrus the younger) revolt but then gets marched on by 10,000 |
| Cyrus the Younger | brother of artaxerxes II, tries to kill his brother and fails, gets sent out to rule a satrapy, revolts again and is killed |
| Darius III | king of persia when Alexander the great takes over, nardo (author of book we read) gives sympathetic description |
| Wang Mang | self proclaimed Confucian scholar who was born into a well connected family - regent to many young kings - worked his way up in the government through connections and his grandmother to finally become king and founder of the Xin dynasty - made many changes and reforms too quickly - after apparently losing the Mandate of Heaven due to many natural disasters he was killed by the Red Eyebrows |
| Homer | famous author who told epic poems in the dark age, wrote the odyssey/Illiad |
| lycurgus | man/god who is credited with all changes in Sparta as well as all institutions, not known if he was real |
| Solon | man who was given absolute power for one year to fix all of the problems in Athens when oligarchy was crumbling, He did what he could but it was not enough |
| pisistratus | became dictator when people rebel. He was made tyrant and he improved trade. His son was overthrown |
| cleisthenes | unpopular son who was overthrown. He set up the 10 tribes (demes) to dilute the influence of the wealthy aristocrats. |
| Leonidas | the 1 of sparta's 2 kings who went to fight persian in battle of thermopylae |
| themistocles | athenian, Had many speeches. Convinced that people of Athens to abandon city and hide when Xerxes came to invade. He also built the "walls of wood" which was a fleet that defeated the Persian fleet. |
| Herodotus | Historian; wrote a lot about Egypt and Persia |
| Aeschylus | added a 2nd actor, moral religious focus in plays; wrote with a grand sweeping style --> Agamemnon (Orestia - Agamemnon, Libation Bearers, The Eumenides), he fought in marathon and salamis |
| Sophocles | added a 3rd actor, focused on character motivation; chorus was less important --> Oedipus Rex |
| Euripedes | questioned traditional values; characters are more real and less noble; gods resolved plot at end (deus ex machina) -> Medea |
| Pericles | continually elected strategos for over thirty years; tried to establish a land empire, moved Delian League treasury to Athens, made government jobs paid, opened more offices to lower class citizens, built the Parthenon and Long Walls using the Delian League's money |
| Aspasia | may have influenced Pericles and Athenian politics. She is mentioned in the writings of Plato, Aristophanes, Xenophon, and other authors of the day., Pericle's hetairae |
| Alcibiades | exiled for the statues that were defiled by participants of his party one week before beginning of Sicilian Campaign which he was to head from Athens; goes and convinces Spartans to get help from the Persian fleet after exile |
| Socrates | hated Sophists because they did not seek out truth and justice; the truth is absolute and can be uncovered using his method, distrusted Democracy and did not think that the masses were capable of ruling justly; |
| Plato | theory of Ideas or Forms; perfect examples of all objects exist, we experience their imperfect shadows, learning is remembering imperfectly what we knew perfectly in the realm of Ideas; organized the Academy |
| Aristotle | one of Plato's students, no Realm of Ideas; learned through observation and categorization, but lacked experimentation (scientific method); "nothing to excess" |
| demosthenes | gave speeches in Athens called phillips about how Greece need to unite to defend itself against Macedonia |
| Phillip II of macedonia | Became King of Macedonia and started their expansion, Conquered Greece but wanted to conquer Persia next, expanded phalanx to 16 by 10, |
| alexander the great | Phillips son, conquered Perisa, read Xenophons book to learn how to fight with not supply line |
| Aristarchus | had heliocentric view of the universe, said earth rotates on its own axis, his ideas were rejected |
| Eratosthenes | measured circumference of Earth with little technology/knowledge, |
| Archimedes | made formula for spheres and cylinders, found value of pi, made screw type water pump, made compound pulley, made new siege engines and became a pain for Roman invaders with his crazy defensive measures, |
| Ptolemy II | "Philadelphus"- Finshed library at Alexandria, ruled Egypt area after Alexander died |
| Arisnoe II | sister/wife of Ptolemy II, |
| Antiochus IV | "Epiphanes"-Ruled Seleucid empire |
| cleopatra | was in civil war with husband Ptolemy (not original just someone later), presented herself in a carpet naked to Caesar to win his support, Caesar brought her and new child to Rome but his old wife got angry and they went back tp Egypt, she ditched her new lover Marc Anthony in naval battle at Actium causing him to lose, |
| hamilcar Barca | Hannibal's father, was general during 1st Punic War |
| hannibal | General during second Punic War, led large army through the Alps but lost lots of men and almost every elephant, almost won the war but then Carthage itself was attacked by Scipio Africanus, causing him to be called back home |
| Aeneas | the ancestor of the founders of Rome as told by Virgil in The Aeneid, he was the sole survivor from Troy who sailed to Italy and founded Rome |
| Romulus and Remus | the two brothers in the original Rome tale, they were raised by a wolf and then found by humans, and together they decided to found a city. _______ was killed by _______ for insulting his wall, so the city was named after _______ |
| tarquin the proud | the last of Rome's 7 kings, his son raped Lucretia, and he was overthrown by a mob of angry, rich Roman |
| lucretia | a daughter of a wealthy, influential Roman who was raped by Tarquin's son, Sextus. It was the event that caused the wealthy Roman aristocrats to rebel and overthrow Tarquin, instituting the Republic, and becoming the first Senators. |
| Brutus | Head of rebellion to drive out Tarquins, part of the first republic Senate |
| Cincinnatus | Ideal dictator, farmer who left his humble field to go fight a threat to Rome, he did this before his term as dictator was over, and then gave up power as dictator after the conflict was resolved he returned to his field. |
| fabius maximus | Dictator during the 2nd Punic Wars and used delaying tactics to slow Hannibal's advances and sent out raiding parties to limit Hannibal's forging of food. |
| Scipio Africanus | great general during 2nd Punic War, attacked Carthage's capital so Hannibal had to withdraw |
| Cato the Elder | Senator who ended every speech with "And Carthage should be destroyed", convinced Rome to go decimate Carthage in 3 Punic War, became censor |
| Cornelia | Scipio Africanus daughter, mother of of Tiberius and Giaus Grachuss |
| Tiberius Grachuss | Scipio Africanus grandson (on mother side), was a plebian, negotiated a treaty with tribe that his father had defeated where he would not fight but he got all roman prisoners of war (Senate found out and sent naked consul to tribe to show rejection of treaty), Used his power a tribute to try to bypass senate and make reforms, brought city to a standstill with veto, make plebiscite where artistocrats gave land to poor and he got money for it by taking the inheritance left from Pergamum, clubbed to death by senators eventually |
| Gaius Grachuss | Tiberius' brother (obviously?), used subsidies to lower grain price, used power as tribute and plebian assembly to give power to the Equestrians, was killed |
| marius | was first from his family to be politician (Novus Homo) but he became consul, was very succesful in Jugrthine war, Military Reforms: Volunteers could be in army, made professional army (better gear/training), first to start having troops be loyal to general since he gave them land for their service. started hating Sulla because Sulla wore a ring of Sulla capturing leader of Jugurthians, Wanted to kill crazy scientist (Pontes) but Sulla made him stop |
| sulla | became dictator because "state of emergency", captured the leader of Jugturthian revolt, brought army into city, made proscription, made senate have 400 people but decreased tribunes/assemblies, |
| Crassus | got super rich by buying property of people Sulla executed, had slaves watch for fires at night so he could go grab cheap burning land, put down slave revolt lead by spartacus, member of first triumvirate |
| Spartacus | -led slave revolt that was put down by Crassus, all slaves were crucified in public forming highway of human billboards |
| pompey | earned nickname "teenage butcher" because he killed so many people on Sulla's proscription list, earned military commanding power, member of first triumvirate |
| Cicero | -tried to save Rome from anarchy, exiled twice, was a lawyer in case where he defended Roscius (risky becaue Sulla wanted Roscius killed) who killed his own father, aristocrat, exposed the Catline conspiracy but then was exiled because he killed Catiline without a trial, prosecuted Verres |
| Verres | shady businessman which angered Cicero, Cicero prosecuted him but he fled Rome before trial was over, |
| Julius Caesar | member of first triumvirate, added 500 of his friends to senate so he would always "be supported by senate", gave colony land to poor citizens, made law where 1/3 of latifundia had to be free, made calendar based on egyptian solar year, became dictator but was assasinated by group of Optimates, won battle of Pharsula although outnumbered 2:1 to become dictator, |
| marc antony | member of 2nd Triumvirate, was Caesar's chief military consultant, became consul, fell in love with Cleopatra, loss battle to Octavius because Cleopatra ditched him right before boats arrived (Battle of Actium), killed himself after he found out Cleopatra died, |
| Octavian/Augustus | First emperor, popular with people Reforms: reduced army size, made classes defined by wealth, complex road network, census held title of imperator and princeps |
| Tiberius | tried to be like Augustus, became paranoid after Sejanus killed his son, |
| Jesus | lived during Augustus' rule and died during Tiberius' |
| Caligula | Ruled like a king, went crazy (said he'd put horse as consul), first to be killed by praetorian guards (trendsetter) |
| Claudius | physically deformed, put in power by praetorian guard, conquered Britain but ended up being a poor hold, used freedmen as civil service workers, had marriage problems: Messalina (3rd wife) slept with everybody basically, Agripinna (4th wife) had him killed |
| Messalina | Claudius third wife who slept will lots of people, was divorced by Claudius |
| Agripinna the younger | Nero's mother, had Claudius poisoned, was Claudius 4th wife |
| nero | Killed his adviser, mom, and stepbrother. built Golden house after the great fire (house was amazing, had rotating dining room), he committed suicide after armies revolted, last words: "What an artist the world loses in me" |
| Vespasian | 4th ruler in year of 4 emperors, cut off food supply from Egypt to seize control, had senate confirm his power, made imperator formal title |
| Titus | conquered Jewish revolt, ending with building ramp up to Masada where every Jew left there ended up dying (either suicide or Romans killed (source is sketchy), finished the Colosseum, was emperor when Mt. Vesuvius erupts |
| Domitian | Despised senate, assassinated by wife and guards, began treason trials again, |
| Nerva | elderly when appointed emperor, selected to rule by the Senate, believing that the new system of Emperors was necessary; adopted Trajan |
| trajan | from Spain (first Non-Italian emperor), conquest of Mesopotamia and Dacia made empire as large as it ever was, controversy over whether he actually wanted Hadrian to rule, built a great column/forum |
| hadrian | builta big Wall in Britain, withdrew from Mesopotamia, defensive, personally toured empire, |
| marcus aurelius | raised taxes and made a draft to deal with frontier wars and plague, was a Stoic Philosopher (wrote "Meditations"), father of Commodus |
| commodus | Emperor who began the decline, ruled poorly, renaming Rome Commodiana after himself, used treason trials to extort money from the rich, believed himself to be Hercules, participating in rigged games,eventually assasinated |
| pertinax | Marcus Aurelius' second in command, placed in power by conspirators who killed Commodus, attempted to reform too quickly, thus he was killed by Praetorian Guard. |
| Didius Julianus | bought the throne from the Praetorian Guard for a promise of 25,000 sesterces, he was killed after taking too long to pay, with him in power, three armies declared their leader imperator and marched toward Rome. |
| Septimus Severus | military leader who siezed the throne with his army, used his army to maintain control, allegedly said in his dying words, "pay the soldiers and ignore everyone else", leading to a period of military control continued by Caracalla |
| Caracalla | Septimius Severus' son who continued his trend, tried to make enough money to support the floundering Empire by making every free born male in the Empire a citizen. |
| Diocletian | emperor after a period of military anarchy, he divides the Empire into the Tetrarchy, leaving two Augusti in charge with their Caesars, steps down, assuming his system will sustain the Empire for many more years. |
| Constantine | Diocletian's Caesar, now the Augustus, converted to Christianity after seeing a "Christian Symbol" in his dream and winning with it above him, united the Empire, ruling as a single Emperor, built churches after the Roman basilica, promotes Christianity in bias, moves capitol to Constantinople, a city now known as Istanbul. |
| Romulus Augustulus | the last Emperor of the west, pushed off the throne by Odoacer, a Goth general in the Roman military |
| Odoacer | a Goth general who pushed Romulus Augustulus off the throne, made Rome his, taken from him by Justinian. |
| justinian | reunited the Empire, only to have it crumble after his death. |
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