| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Octave | 8 steps. string set in motion vibrates at a rate of speed cvps |
| a string half as long.... | will vibrate twice as fast=octave higher |
| a string twice as long | will vibrate half as fast=octave lower |
| octave is divided... | into 12 equal steps. major and minor scales are created |
| chromatic scale | 12 half steps. every piece of music is made up of only 12 possible tones |
| sharp | raises a note by 1/2 step. |
| flat | lowers a note by 1/2 step |
| key | group or family of related tones that revolve around a central tone "tonic" |
| scale | succession of 8 ascending/descending notes |
| solfeggio | do-re-mi-fa-so-la-ti-do |
| chromaticism | most pre-romantic revolved around the diatonic scale. post romantic music stretched limits and used chromaticism to enhance expression and passion |
| Pentatonic scale | 5 note scale patterns |
| chinese pentatonic | Db-Eb-Gb-Ab-Bb |
| Whole tone scale | e, e#, g#, A#, c...impressionistic |
| transposition | shifting all the tones of a composition to a different pitch level |
| modulation | the passing from one key to another in the same composition |
| monody | solo song with instrumental accompaniment |
| figured bass | # of bass note that denotes chords-performer fills in harmonies |
| improvisation | new music created spontaneously with expressive style |
| basso continuo | usually 2 people, one play bass line on cello and other fills in harmony on harpsichord or organ |
| major/minor tonality | exploit the opposition of the chord of rest (I-tonic) and the active chord (v dominant) |
| dynamic contrast | piano/forte |
| as instruments become more advanced... | composers demand greater virtuosity (technical ability) |
| castrato | males are castrated in order to maintain soprano/alto register. stopped after french revolutuion |
| famous women of baroque period | Francesca Caccini and Barbara Strozzi |
| Handel | 1685-1759 boren in germany but wrote in italy and then england. lost eyesite. buried in westminter abby |
| 1600-1750 | turbulent change, religious war, rise in middle class, new world sing of psalms |
| turbulent change | foreshadowed artwork of michelangelo (bodies twisted in struggle). rebrant-elgreco |
| turb change 2 | galileo in physics, newton-gravity, time of monarchy |
| religious wars | protestants v. catholics |
| middle class | created on culture. music centered at home, church, university group called collegium musicum |
| Baroque | ornate, flamboyant, elaborate, richly ornamented |
| baroque music | marked by strict forms and elaborate ornamentation, grand passion, contrast, playigng freedom |
| baroque suite | group of dances, same key |
| binary/turnery | a-b a-b-a |
| Allemande | german quadruple meter dance |
| courante | french triple meter dance |
| sarabande | spanish stately dance in triple meter |
| alque | english 6/8 or 6/4 meter dance |
| opera | large scale drama that is sung. combines vocal and instrumental music with soloists, ensembles, chorus, orchestra, acting scenery, costumes and ballet |
| recitative | musical speech. like in an opera |
| aria | lyrical song |
| ensemble | several voices portraying characters singing together |
| overture | instrumental music played at the beginning of an act which includes melodies of the most famous songs from the opera |
| libretto | text or scrip of the opera |
| concerto | written solo instrument accompanied by orchestra |
| concerto grosso | small group of instruments set against an orchesta |
| strings | gut from animal intestines |
| woodwinds | recorder, flute, oboe, bassoon |
| brass | trumpet, horns-natural notes-no values |
| percussion | tympani |
| keyboard | harpsichord, plucked, organ |
| sonata | form chamber music, from 1-8 instruments. one movement or several sections that contrasted in tempo/texture |
| orantorio | dramatic work with just voices and instruments. not a play |
| ornamentation | frilly with trills and turns |
| Bach | 1685-1770 in germany, virtuso organist. not rich or famous composed for church. has 20 children with 2 wives |
| 3 famous bach children | w.f. bach, cpe Emmanuel bach, jc bach |
| cadenza | an extended solo near end of piece to show off |
| toccata | baroque composition for organ or keyboard to show off |
| fugue | theme stated and then repeated in several other voices |
| prelude | piece of perpetual motion with one measure per chord and includes a free cadenza like passage |
| canterpoint | two or more melodies played at the same time |
| etudes | teaching pieces used to develop technical skills |
| most famous works in baroque | toccata and fugue in d minor, mass in b minor, clavier (keyboard collection. brandenavara concertos |
| handels music was | very dramatic with virtuoso soloists and more diatonic not chromatic, most famous is messiah and water music fireworks music |
| vivaldo | 1678-1741 italy, known as red priest, employed as teacher as orphanage, popluar, wrote from violin, flute strings, four seasions and gloria |
| music by bach | overture, air (suite number 3), allegro (brandenberg concerto 2) |
| music by handel | for unto us a child is born, hallelujah (the messiah) |
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