| Term | Definition |
|---|
| anabolism | What process involves building nutrients and using raw materials to synthesize essential compounds? |
| catabolism | What process involves breaking down molecules and decomposing substances to provide energy cells needed to function? |
| catabolism | What does the digestive system constitute of ? |
| oxygen and enzymes | What are the 2 major components of catabolic reatctions? |
| tongue | What manipulates materials inside the mouth, is involved in taste, moves food from left to right and shapes food into bolus? |
| salivary glands | What produces saliva, lubricates and dilutes food, and adds enzymes? |
| esophagus | What muscular tube is a passageway from the mouth to the stomach? |
| liver | What secretes bile and breaks down fat? |
| gallbladder | What stores bile, used in digesting fat? |
| pancreas | Which organ functions as both an endocrine and exocrine gland, producing both enzymes and hormones? |
| pancreas | What secretes the enzymes that produce pancreatic juice? |
| stomach | Where is most of the food crushed, stored and digested? |
| (1) Ingestion (2) Mechanical processing (3) Digestion (4) Secretion (5) Absorption (6) Excretion | What are the functions of the digestive system? |
| mucous | What protects the lining of the digestive tract? |
| (1) corrosive effects of digestive acids and enzymes (2) mechnanical stresses (abrasion) (3) bacteria (from food or inside digestive tract) | What does mucus in the digestive tract protect against? |
| mesenteries | What are double sheets of peritoneal membrane called, that form connections of organs to body wall on all sides and hold organs in place? |
| mucosa, submucosa, musclaris externa and serosa | What are the major layers of the digestive tract? |
| gives strength to wall of stomach | What is the purpose of muscles going in different directions? |
| villi | What are the finger-like structures that help with absorption? |
| mucosa | What is the inner lining of the digestive tract? |
| enteroendocrine cells | What is scattered among epithelial lining of digestive tract to control and regulate the process of digestion? |
| enteroendocrine cells | What cells are responsible for secreting hormones? |
| rugae | What facilitates stretching in stomach to accommodate more food? |
| increases surface area for absorption | What is the purpose of the folding of the small and large intestine? |
| blood vessels, sensory nerve endings, lymphatic vessels, smooth muscle cells and lymphoid tissue | What does the lamina propria of the digestive tract contain? |
| layer of dense irregular connective tissue | What does the subcmucosa laye of the digestive tract contain? |
| Central Nervous System | What contols the digestive system? |
| submucosal plexus (or plexus of Meissner) | What innervates the mucosa and submucosa - a network of nerves with receptors that receive information and send to the brain? |
| serosa | If stabbed with a knife in the stomach, which layer would be the first to come in contact with? |
| contains collagen fibers that help to connect with other structures | What is the purpose of the outer layer of the digestive tract? |
| peristalsis | What is the wave-like propelsion of food that moves bolus along the digestive tract? |
| segmentation | What are the cycles of contraction, in which food is propelled from one section to another? |
| sensory analysis | What takes place in the oral cavity before swallowing? |
| (1) sensory analysis (2) mechanical processing (3) lubrication (4) limited digestion | What four functions take place in the oral cavity? |
| mouth | Where does digestion start? |
| ingestion, mechanical processing and digestion | What are the functions of the digestive system? |
| mucous lining | What helps food move more rapidly and protects from bacteria that enters the body? |
| inner lining | What protects the stomach from digesting the insides , if we can easily digest raw meat? |
| parietal peritoneum | What lines the inner surfaces of the body wall in the digestive tract? |
| involuntary smooth muscle | What type of muscle is the muscularis external layer of the digestive tract? |
| stratified squamous epithelium | What is the oral cavity, pharynx and esophagus lined with, to withstand mechanical stresses? |
| plicae circularis | What are the folds found in duodenum that increase the surface area? |
| lingual lipase | What begins the process of digesting fat by breaking down fatty foods? |
| pharynx | What is the common passageway for solid food, liquid and air? |
| esophagus | Which tube is only open when swallowing food? (trachea always open) |
| deglutition (act of swallowing) | What can be initiated voluntarily, but proceeds automatically? |
| buccal, pharyngeal and esophageal phases | What are the 3 phases of swallowing? |
| stomach | Where does most of the chemical breakdown take place? |
| intrinsic factor | What glycoprotein is required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine? |
| gastric pits | What are the shallow depressions that open onto the gastric surface, in which mucous cells actively divide, replacing dead cells? |
| gastric glands | What is contained in the fundus and body of stomach? |
| parietal and chief cells | What 2 types of secretory cells dominate the gastric glands? |
| parietal and chief cells | What epithelial cells are modified to secrete enzymes and gastric juices? |
| G cells | Which cells, found in the gastric pit, produce gastrin? |
| D cells | Which cells release somatostatin, which inhibits the release of gastin? |
| parietal cells | Which cells secrete intrinsic factor and hydorchloric acid? |
| chief cells | Which cells secrete hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen (inactive enzyme that is converted to pepsin - active enzyme)? |
| pyloric glands | Which glands produce mucous secretions and are scattered with enteroendocrine cells? |
| stomach | What serves as a reservoir or holding place for food before passing to small intestine? |
| gastrin | What hormone regulates digestion? |
| simple columnar epithelium (with goblet cells) | What is the stomach, small intestine and large intestine lined with, to enable absorption? |
| small intestine | Where does most absorption take place? |
| water, ions, short fatty acids, drugs (aspirin) and alcohol | What forms of absorption occur in the stomach? |
| jejunum | What is the place of the most chemical digestion? |
| epiglottis | What stays open in order to breathe and only closes when we eat or swallow? |
| stomach | What is the major organ of the digestive system? |
| ileum | Which part of the digestive system, is microvilli found? |
| 99% exocrine (acinar cells) | What percentage of pancreatic tissue secretes pancreatic juices or enzymes? |
| 1% endocrine (Islets of Langerhan) | What percentage of pancreatic tissue secrete hormones, insulin and glycogen? |
| Water - 99.4% (electrolytes, buffers, glycoproteins, antibodies, enzymes and waste products - 0.6%) | What are the main component of saliva? |
| salivary amylase | What enzyme, beginning with the mouth, breaks down starches or carbohydrates? |
| pyloric stenosis | What condition, occurs in newborn infants, when pyloric sphincter is abnormally constricted and effects food flowing from stomach to the small intestine? |
| gastritis | What condition is characterized by inflammation of gastric mucosa? |
| gastric ulcers | What condition results from gastritis or high levels of hydrochloric acid and low levels of mucus? |
| Brunner's glands | What mainly secretes mucous? |
| water, salt and enzymes | What are the contents of pancreatic juice? |
| mucus neck cells, parietal cells and chief cells | What are 3 types of exocrine cells found in the digestive tract? |
| mucus neck cells | What cells secrete mucus? |
| gastrin | What hormone regulates digestion? |
| duodenum (1st segment of small intestine) | Where is pancreatic juice released? |
| pancreatic amylase, trypsin, carboxypeptidase, pancreatic lipase, and nucleases | What enzymes are contained in pancreatic juice? |
| pancreatic alpha-amylase | What pancreatic enzyme breaks down carbohydrates or starches? |
| proteolytic enzymes or trypsin | What enzyme breaks down certain proteins? |
| carboxypeptidase | What enzyme digests amino acids and short peptides? |
| pancreatic lipase | What enzyme breaks down triglycerides or complex lipids, and releases products (fatty acids) that are easily absorbed by the body? |
| nucleases | What enzyme breaks down nucleotides or DNA strands? |
| liver | What is the largest gland in the body? |
| branches of bile duct, hepatic portal vein and hepatic artery | (The liver is richly supplied with blood vessels.) What is contained in the hepatic triad? |
| Kupffer cells | What are macrophages in the liver that engulf germs and bacteria? |
| (1) composition of blood (2) nutrient storage (3) waste products (4) nutrient metabolism (5) drug interaction | What does the liver metabolically regulate? |
| hepatocytes (liver cells) | What circulates levels of nutrients and produces bile? |
| liver | What is the largest reservoir in the body, that regulates the entrance and exit of nutrients into the blood? |
| bile | What breaks up fat molecules into more soluble molecules? |
| cirrhosis | What is chronic liver disease, in which the liver swells up with pus? (usually caused by alcohol abuse, also Hep. B or C) |
| Hepatitis A | What virus causes liver infection, as a result of contaminated food or drinking water? |
| Hepatitis B or C | What virus causes liver infection and is transmitted through the blood? |
| CCK (cholecystokinin) | What stimulates the release of bile into the duodenum? |
| gallstones | What is caused by high cholesterol and lack of bile salts, so that salts crystalize and block the duct? |
| jaundice | What results from the deposition of bile salts in the skin? |
| cholecystitus | What is inflammation and ulcers of the gallbladder? |
| secretin | What activates secretion of bile and buffers? |
| CCK (cholecystokinin) | What accelerates production and secretion of enzymes? |
| gastrin | What is secreted by G cells and increases stomach movement by propelling the food? |
| all hormones | What stimulates digestion? |
| small intestine | What is the most important part of the digestive system? |
| brush border | What stimulates villi to secrete enzymes that break down food? |
| 3-5 hours | How long does chyme remain in the small intestine? |
| dextrinase | What breaks down starches into glucose for absorption? |
| maltase, lactase and sucrase | What enzymes break down respective sugars? |
| liver | What is very important in regulating metabolism? |
| stercobilin | What is the breakdown from bilirubin, by bacteria, that contributes to the fecal color? |
| water, inorganic salts, epithelial cells, bacteria, unabsorbed digested materials, and indigestable items | What does the feces consist of? |
| water, carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, minerals, vitamins | What are the 6 main types of nutrients? |
| minerals | What nutrients make up 4% of body mass and regulate enzymatic reactions? |
| vitamins | What nutrients mostly function as coenzymes? |
| metabolism | What is the sum of all chemical reactions in the body? |
| enzymes | What is needed to carry out metabolism and speed up chemical reactions in the body? |
| metabolic reactions | What is the coupling of catabolism and anabolism by ATP? |
| ATP | What high energy molecules are the chemical form of energy? |
| ATP | What provides energy for synthesis of other bonds and drives other anabolic reactions? |
| 40% | What percentage of energy released in catabolism is used? |
| 60% converted to heat | What percentage of energy released in catabolism is lost? |
| carbohydrate metabolism (60%) | What is the main source of energy to the body? |
| glucose, fructose, galactose | What monosaccharides are catabolized from carbohydrates? |
| in cells | Where does cellular respiration take place? |
| aerobic respiration | What is the main source of cellular respiration? |
| 36 or 38 ATP's | How much ATP is produced by each glucose molecule? (oxygen + glucose) |
| glycolysis | What is the first step of cellular respiration? |
| anaerobic respiration | What produces limited ATP with no oxygen required? |
| Krebb's cycle | What energy transfers to coenzymes? |
| in membrane of mitochondria | Where is the most important stage of cellular respiration, in which ATP is produced? |
| 10 essential/10 nonessential | How many amino acids are found in the body? |
| break nucleotides into sugars, phosphates, nitrogenous bases | What is the function of the brush border enzymes? |
| CCK and secretin | Name two hormones that regulate bile secretion. |
| CCK and secretin | Name the hormones that regulate the secretions of pancreatic juice. |
| insulin and glucagon (released when glucose level in blood is low) | Name two hormones produced by the pancreas. (and functions) |
| intrinsic factor | Name the digestive enzyme in the gastric juice. |
| 1) proteases 2) pancreatic lipase 3) amylase | What are the enzymes that activate the protein digesting enzymes of the pancreas? |
| ileocecal valve | Name the sphincter present between the small and large intestine. |
| vitamins (Vitamin K, Biotin, Vitamin B5) | What useful substances do bacteria in the large intestine produce? |
| cecum, colon, rectum | What are the main parts of the large intestine? |
| left and right hepatic ducts --> common hepatic duct --> common bile duct --> duodenal ampulla | Describe the bile flow from the hepatocytes to the duodenum. |
| lower esophageal sphincter (allows bolus in stomach) and pyloric sphincter (releases chyme into duodenum) | What 2 types of valves are present in the stomach? |
Combine with other sets
Share on Facebook
Share on MySpace