AP US Unit 4 Vocab
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146 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Election of 1828 | Election in which Andrew Jackson defeats John Quincy Adams; Martin Van Buren helped Jackson campaign |
| Andrew Jackson | AKA "Old Hickory" and "King Mob", he was president after John Quincy Adams; celebrated for his role in the Battle of New Orleans; made him a national hero; party ideals based on his actions; he was also an Indian fighter; anti-intellectual; bad with foreign affairs and hated the (Second) National Bank |
| Jacksonian Democracy | refers to the democracy that Jackson created; favored the "common man"; hated intellectuals and privileged people |
| "Common man" | the figure championed by Jacksonian Democrats; the "average (white) person (meaning 'man')" |
| Rotation | refers to the system in which Jackson claimed he let everyone take part in the government by using the Spoils System |
| Spoils System ("To the victors belong the spoils.") | the way in which Jackson appointed people loyal to him and fired those who disagreed with him; he claimed that everyone had a chance in the government by using this method, but he usually only appointed "privileged" people to office |
| "Kitchen Cabinet" | a group of Jackson's friends that were distinguished from Jackson's actual Cabinet; included Martin Van Buren |
| Webster-Hayne Debate (Webster defended Northeast interests; Hayne defended Southern interests) | a debate between the two titular senators in which they argued over Protective Tariffs |
| Distribution (land sales proceeds) | refers to the dividing of the profits of land sales in the West (?) |
| Bank War | the figurative battle that Andrew Jackson had with the Second National Bank |
| Nicholas Biddle | the head of the Second National Bank when Andrew Jackson "killed" it |
| South Sea Bubble | the titular company sold shares but then went bankrupt, Walpole made Parliament give the investors their money back, created trust for the English economy; first big speculative bubble; Andrew Jackson's fear of this happening to the US made him distrust the Second National Bank and the profits gained from the land sales |
| Specie Money | money that is not in paper form (i.e. gold and silver) |
| Speculation | when people think that something will be worth a lot of money in the future so that they buy it at a low price (and try to sell it later); leads to speculative bubbles (a financial action that does not promise safety of the initial investment along with the return on the principal sum) |
| Second Bank Veto | the veto of the 1832 bill that renewed the Second National Bank's charter by Andrew Jackson |
| "Pet" Banks (1833) | a pejorative term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive surplus government funds in 1833. They were also named "Wildcat Banks". They were made among the big U.S. bank when President Andrew Jackson vetoed the recharter for the Second Bank of the United States, proposed by Daniel Webster and Henry Clay four years before the recharter was due. (held US treasury funds) |
| John C. Calhoun | a Southern leader; went to Yale; elected to Congress in 1811; Secretary of War of Monroe; John Quincy Adams praised him; not Crawford or Clay; stuck up for states' rights; author of "South Carolina Exposition and Protest"; VP of Jackson; responsible for the Nullification Crisis of 1833 |
| Peggy Eaton affair | refers to the "scandal" about the titular woman in which she had an affair with her second (later) husband before she divorced with her first; Jackson was sympathetic because his wife was in a similar situation |
| Removal (of Indians) | refers to the deportation of Indians to the West; if they refused, they were attacked and sent to the West by force; occurred during the 1830's |
| Black Hawk's War (1832) | the war that the Americans had with the titular Indian tribe during the year of 1832 |
| Cherokee Nation v. Georgia (1831) | a Supreme Court case between the Cherokee and the state of Georgia; Cherokee tried to sue Georgia; Marshall ruled that the Cherokee were not a foreign nation |
| Worcester v. Georgia (1832) | titular man tried to sue Georgia for being arrested in Cherokee territory; Marshall sided with Cherokee Nation; Jackson overrode decision; trail of tears ensued |
| Treaty of New Echota (1835) | a treaty that let the Cherokee stay in the Cherokee nation until 1838; most Cherokee did not think that they would get thrown out |
| John Ross | the Cherokee Chief during the formation of the Cherokee Nation and right before the Trail of Tears; tried to negotiate with senators in Congress; Treaty of New Echota stuff (?) |
| Trail of Tears (1838) | refers to the trail that the Cherokee took from Georgia to Oklahoma; 4000 died out of about 16,000 |
| Doctrine of Nullification | the idea that states could ignore federal laws if they are unconstitutional (?) |
| Nullification Crisis | crisis that occurred in 1832 and 1833; South Carolina threatened Civil War; South Carolina did not want to pay new tariff; prohibited collection as of Feb. 1, 1833; negotiations were reached before war broke out |
| Tariff of 1832 | the tariff that led to the Nullification Crisis; gave preference to the Northeast; upset the South |
| Nat Turner (1831) | led a slave rebellion in 1831; occurred in Southampton County, VA; 55 - 65 white men killed |
| Denmark Vesey (1822) | African American slave brought to the United States from the Caribbean of Coromantee background. After purchasing his freedom, he planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States. Word of the plans was leaked, and at Charleston, South Carolina, authorities arrested the plot's leaders before the uprising could begin. Vesey and others were tried, convicted and executed. |
| Abolition | refers to the freeing of the slaves that some people pushed for in 1830's; gained more ground in Reform Era |
| "Proclamation to the People of South Carolina" | written by Edward Livingston and issued by Andrew Jackson on December 10, 1832. Written at the height of the Nullification Crisis, it directly responds to the Ordinance of Nullification passed by the South Carolina legislature in November 1832. Its purpose was to subdue the Nullification Crisis created by South Carolina's ordinance and to denounce the doctrine of nullification. |
| Force Bill (1833) | n response to South Carolina's ordinance of nullification, empowered President Jackson to use the army and navy, if necessary, to enforce the laws of Congress, specifically the tariff measures to which South Carolina had objected so violently. |
| Specie Circular (1836) | issued by Andrew Jackson due to his fear of the land speculative bubble; this caused the bubble to burst and created the Panic of 1837; people who wanted to buy land needed to pay with silver and gold |
| Panic of 1837 | financial crisis or market correction in the United States built on a speculative fever. The end of the Second Bank of the United States had produced a period of runaway inflation, but on May 10, 1837 in New York City, every bank began to accept payment only in specie (gold and silver coinage), forcing a dramatic, deflationary backlash. This was based on the assumption by former president, Andrew Jackson, that the government was selling land for state bank notes of questionable value. |
| Locofoco | radical faction of the Democratic Party that existed from 1835 until the mid-1840s. The faction was originally named the Equal Rights Party, and was created in New York City as a protest against that city's regular Democratic organization ("Tammany Hall"). It contained a mixture of anti-Tammany Democrats and labor union veterans of the Working Men's Party. They were vigorous advocates of laissez-faire and opponents of monopoly. Name came from using candles for a meeting |
| "Favorite Sons" | candidates who have regional appeal; Whigs tried using this strategy later to try defeating Martin Van Buren in the Election of 1840 |
| Martin Van Buren | Jackson's Secretary of State and later Vice President; hand-picked successor to Jackson; almost defeated by Whigs in Election of 1840; never really chose a side in politics until he later joined Freesoil Party and supported Abolition |
| Depression of 1839-43 | Occurred when the government defaulted from internal improvements and when cotton was overproduced; Van Buren had to deal with it during his presidency; could have contributed to not being reelected |
| Independent Treasury Act (1840) | a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and its subtreasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems; issued by Van Buren; tried to set up place to hold federal money without using a National Bank |
| Election of 1840 | election between Van Buren and William Henry Harrison; Log Cabin Campaign occurred during this election |
| Whigs | the rival party of the Jacksonian Democrats; mainly consisted of people who hated Jackson; party not good with working together; slavery debates lead it to its downfall |
| William Henry Harrison | Whig candidate who defeated Van Buren in the Election of 1840; used the Log Cabin Campaign; "Hero of Tippecanoe" during the War of 1812; delivered the longest inaugural address and died in office one month later; John Tyler succeeded him; established precedent |
| Log Cabin Campaign | campaign used by the Whigs to get William Henry Harrison elected; compared Van Buren to an aristocratic mansion and William Henry Harrison to the titular house |
| "Tippecanoe and Tyler Too" | one of the slogans used by the Whigs to defeat Van Buren |
| Alexis de Tocqueville | a French political thinker and historian best known for his Democracy in America (appearing in two volumes: 1835 and 1840) and The Old Regime and the Revolution (1856). |
| Democracy in America | Tocqueville's two-volume work that pretty much describes all of America; from origins to how the social classes function |
| Individualism | refers to the fact that the elections were not based on the issues but on who the individuals were (?) |
| Horace Greeley | an American newspaper editor, a founder of the Liberal Republican Party, a reformer, a politician, and an outspoken opponent of slavery. The New York Tribune (which he founded and edited) was America's most influential newspaper from the 1840s to the 1870s; known for the phrase "Go West, young man" |
| Cult of true womanhood | refers to the idea that womanly virtue resided in piety, purity, submissiveness and domesticity. |
| "Separate spheres" | similar to the "Cult of true womanhood" in that it refers to the fact that men must go out to work and women must stay at home with the children (in Middle Class society) |
| Catherine Beecher | an American educator known for her forthright opinions on female education as well as her vehement support of the many benefits of the incorporation of kindergarten into children's education; wrote letter to Grimke sisters on Abolition |
| Godey's Ladies Book | a United States magazine which was published in Philadelphia and popular among women during the 19th century. |
| Lydia Marie Child | an American abolitionist, women's rights activist, opponent of American expansionism, Indian rights activist, novelist, and journalist and Unitarian. Her journals, fiction and domestic manuals reached wide audiences from the 1820s through the 1850s. She at times shocked her audience, as she tried to take on issues of both male dominance and white supremacy in some of her stories. Most famous for "Over the River and Through the Woods" (about Thanksgiving) |
| (Amos) Bronson Alcott | father of the author of Little Women; an American teacher, writer, philosopher, and reformer. As an educator, Alcott pioneered new ways of interacting with young students, focusing on a conversational style, and avoided traditional punishment. He was also an abolitionist and an advocate for women's rights. |
| Second Great Awakening | event that preached universalism instead of predestination; parallels Christian component of European romanticism as a reaction to the Enlightenment; along Erie Canal route; modern evangelical Christianity got its start here |
| "New Divinity" | a system of Christian theology that was very prominent in New England in the late 18th century; It modifies several tenets of Calvinism, most notably the notion of free will and original sin, the nature of the atonement of Jesus, and His righteousness being imputed to believers. |
| Lyman Beecher | a Presbyterian minister, American Temperance Society co-founder and leader, and the father of 13 children, many of whom were noted leaders, including Harriet Beecher Stowe, Henry Ward Beecher, Charles Beecher, Edward Beecher, Isabella Beecher Hooker, Catharine Beecher, and Thomas K. Beecher. He is credited as a leader of the Second Great Awakening of the United States. |
| Charles Grandison Finney (1821 - 1835) | a leader in the Second Great Awakening. He has been called The Father of Modern Revivalism; best known as an innovative revivalist, an opponent of Old School Presbyterian theology, an advocate of Christian perfectionism, a pioneer in social reforms in favor of women and blacks, a religious writer, and president at Oberlin College. |
| Burned-over district | refers to the religious scene in western and central region of New York, in the early 19th century, where religious revivals and Pentecostal movements of the Second Great Awakening took place; coined by Finney |
| Oberlin College | a private liberal arts college in Oberlin, Ohio, noteworthy for having been the first American institution of higher learning to regularly admit female and black students; Finney served as its second president and helped it gain recognition |
| John Tyler | William Henry Harrison's vice president; became president after Harrison died in office; Southerner; vetoed creation of a Third National Bank; supported states' rights |
| "His Accidency" | used to refer to John Tyler because he was not really supposed to be president |
| Third Bank Veto | this veto of the creation of the titular institution caused all of the Whigs in John Tyler's Cabinet to resign except Daniel Webster, who still wanted to negotiate the Webster-Ashburton Treaty with Britain |
| Henry Clay | Western leader; charming; indulged; still reasonable; challenged men to duels twice; developed "American System" in early 1820s; (known as "Great Compromiser?"); owned slaves yet disliked slavery; involved in Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850; disagreed with John Tyler's practices |
| Preemption Act (1841) | a federal law approved on September 4, 1841. It was designed to "appropriate the proceeds of the sales of public lands... and to grant 'pre-emption rights' to individuals" who were already living on federal lands (commonly referred to as "squatters") |
| Distribution Act (1841) | created a distribution program with a proviso requiring tariffs to remain below 20 percent; a second bill enacted the top rate on previously low-tax goods. |
| Tariff Act of 1842 | a protective tariff schedule adopted in the United States to reverse the effects of the Compromise Tariff of 1833. The Compromise Tariff contained a provision that successively lowered the tariff rates from their level under the Tariff of 1832 over a period of ten years until the majority of dutiable goods were to be taxed at 20%. As the 20% level approached in 1842, industrial interests and members of the Whig Party began clamoring for protection, claiming that the reductions left them vulnerable to European competition. The bill restored protection and raised average tariff rates to almost 40%. |
| Daniel Webster | recognized as a coming leader of the North; graduated from Dartmouth; concentrated on law; great orator; opposed Tariff of 1816; too fond of riches; also involved in the Compromise of 1850 (and also very old when that happened); negotiated treaty with England to settle Maine's northern boundary; then resigned his position as Secretary of State under John Tyler |
| Webster-Ashburton Treaty (1842) | a treaty resolving several border issues between the United States and the British North American colonies. It resolved a dispute over the location of the Maine-New Brunswick border, established the border between Lake Superior and the Lake of the Woods, originally defined in the Treaty of Paris (1783), reaffirmed the location of the border (at the 49th parallel) in the westward frontier up to the Rocky Mountains defined in the Treaty of 1818, called for a final end to the slave trade on the high seas, and agreed to shared use of the Great Lakes. |
| Texas Question | referred to the question of the annexation of Texas: should the United States annex Texas and cause war with Mexico? |
| Stephen F. Austin | born in Virginia and raised in southeastern Missouri. He was known as the Father of Texas, led the second, but first legal and ultimately successful colonization of the region by bringing 300 families from the United States. |
| Sam Houston | a 19th-century American statesman, politician, and soldier. Houston became a key figure in the history of Texas and was elected as the first and third President of the Republic of Texas, U.S. Senator for Texas after it joined the United States, and finally as governor of the state. He refused to swear loyalty to the Confederacy when Texas seceded from the Union, and resigned as governor. To avoid bloodshed, he refused an offer of a Union army to put down the Confederate rebellion. Instead, he retired to Huntsville, Texas, where he died before the end of the Civil War. |
| (Antonio) Lopez de Santa Anna | known as "the Napoleon of the West," was a Mexican political leader, general, and president who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government; fought first against Mexican independence from Spain, then in support of it. Though not the first caudillo (military leader) of Mexico, he was among the earliest. He held the rank of general and/or the office of president (or both concurrently) at various times over a turbulent forty-year career; he was president of Mexico on eleven non-consecutive occasions over a period of twenty-two years; fought against Americans in the Texas Revolution and the Mexican-American War |
| Alamo and Goliad | two events in the Texas Revolution in which all of the rebels were killed; Sam Houston urged people to remember these events when fighting the Mexicans at the Battle of San Jacinto |
| Republic of Texas | republic founded March 2, 1836 when Texas won its independence from Mexico |
| Manifest Destiny | coined by John L. O'Sullivan; the 19th century American belief that the United States was destined to expand across the continent. It was used by Democrat-Republicans in the 1840s to justify the war with Mexico; the concept was denounced by Whigs, and fell into disuse after the mid-19th century. |
| Jonathan Edwards (Matthew 5:14) | known mainly for his "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God" but also said quoted "the city on the hill" |
| John L. O'Sullivan | the journalist who first coined the phrase "manifest destiny" |
| Oregon Fever | refers to the want of many Americans to want to go to Oregon after the territory was negotiated |
| Oregon Trail | the trail that many Americans took to the west; very dangerous and weary, but worth it to the Americans who took it |
| John Jacob Astor | monopolize fur trade by using his American Fur Company, Pacific Fur Company, and Southwest Fur Company |
| Treaty of Wang-hsia (Wanghia) (1844) | a diplomatic agreement between the Qing Dynasty of China and the United States; contents: extraterritoriality, which meant that US citizens could only be tried by US consular officers; fixed tariffs on the trade in the treaty ports; the right to buy land in the five treaty ports and erect churches and hospitals there; and the right to learn Chinese by abolishing a law which hitherto forbade foreigners to do so. the U.S received most-favored-nation status, resulting in the US receiving the same beneficial treatment China gave to other powers such as Britain, and allowed the US to modify the treaty after 12 years. As a show of goodwill towards the Qing Empire, the Opium trade was declared illegal, and the U.S. agreed to hand over any offenders to China. |
| Election of 1844 | Annexation is the major issue of this election; Clay and Van Buren were the two major candidates; Polk came along as a "darkhorse" candidate and ended up winning; wanted to annex Texas and take all of Oregon Territory; Liberty Party siphoned off votes to Polk (took from Clay) |
| James K. Polk | AKA "Young Hickory"; president after John Tyler; declared war on Mexico; annexed Texas; "kept campaign promises" |
| "Fifty-four forty or fight" | refers to the Oregon Territory; was used as a campaign slogan for Polk; actually goes to the southern tip of present-day Alaska |
| Liberty Party | the party that split the vote in the Election of 1844; stole NY votes from Clay |
| Joint Resolution of Annexation | declared that Texas would be admitted as a state as long as it approved annexation by January 1, 1846, that it could split itself up into four additional states, and that possession of the Republic's public land would shift to the state of Texas upon its admission. |
| Texas statehood (December 1845) | occurred when Texas was annexed in 1845; one of the causes for the Mexican-American war |
| Oregon Treaty | treaty between the United Kingdom and the United States that was signed on June 15, 1846, in Washington, D.C. The treaty brought an end to the Oregon boundary dispute by settling competing American and British claims to the Oregon Country, which had been jointly occupied by both Britain and the U.S. since the Treaty of 1818; set the U.S. and British North American border at the 49th parallel with the exception of Vancouver Island, which was retained in its entirety by the British. |
| Mexican-American War | war between Mexico and the United States that lasted from 1846 - 1848; principle figures were Zachary Taylor, Winfield Scott, Ulysses S. Grant, Robert E. Lee, and Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna; seemed as if US was bullying Mexico for land |
| Zachary Taylor | AKA "Old Rough and Ready"; referred to his old age; commanded the main force in the Mexican-American war until Winfield Scott took over; involved in the Battle of Buena Vista; almost lost |
| Rio Grande River | thought by Americans to be the Mexican-American border; Mexicans thought that the border was the Nueces River |
| John Slidell | a man sent by Polk to negotiate with Mexico for the California and New Mexico Territories; would greatly reduce Mexican land; sent to offer 30 million dollars if necessary |
| John C. Fremont | American military officer, explorer, and the first candidate of the anti-slavery Republican Party for the office of President of the United States. During the 1840s, that era's penny press accorded Frémont the sobriquet The Pathfinder. It remains in use, and he is sometimes called The Great Pathfinder. He retired from the military and moved to the new territory California, after leading a fourth expedition which cost ten lives seeking a rail route over the mountains around the 38th parallel in the winter of 1849. He became one of the two U.S. Senators of the new state in 1850, and was soon bogged down with lawsuits over land claims between the dispossessions of various land owners during the Mexican-American War, and the explosion of Forty-Niners immigrating during the California Gold Rush. He lost the 1856 presidential election to Democrats James Buchanan and John C. Breckenridge when Democrats warned his election would lead to civil war. |
| John D. Sloat | a commodore in the United States Navy who, in 1846, claimed California for the United States. |
| Winfield Scott | the general who took over as head of command during the Mexican-American War; landed at Veracruz; marched on to Mexico City (March 1847) |
| Nicholas Trist | ordered to arrange an armistice with Santa Anna for up to three million U.S. dollars. President Polk was unhappy with his envoy's conduct and prompted him to return to the United States. General Winfield Scott was also unhappy with his presence in Mexico, although he and Scott quickly reconciled and began a lifelong friendship. However, the wily diplomat ignored the instructions. Known to have an over-fluid pen, he wrote a 65 page letter back to Washington, D.C. explaining his reasons for staying in Mexico. He capitalized on a brilliant opportunity to continue bargaining with Santa Anna. He successfully negotiated the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo on February 2, 1848. His negotiation was controversial among expansionist Democrats since he had ignored Polk's instructions and settled on a smaller cession of Mexican territory than many expansionist wanted and felt he could have obtained. Upon return to Washington, however, he was immediately fired for his insubordination, and his expenses during his time in Texas were not paid. He did not recover his expenses until 1871 |
| Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo | ended the Mexican-American War; negotiated by Trist and Scott; Mexico ceded to the United States Upper California and New Mexico. This was known as the Mexican Cession and included all of present-day California, Nevada and Utah as well as most of Arizona, New Mexico and Colorado (see Article V of the treaty). Mexico relinquished all claims to Texas and recognized the Rio Grande as the southern boundary of the United States (see Article V). The Treaty also ceded an additional 1,007,935 km2 (389,166 sq mi), since Mexico had never officially recognized either the independence of the Republic of Texas (1836) or its annexation by the United States (1845), and under this calculation, Mexico lost about 55% of its prewar territory. The Treaty also ensured safety of existing property rights of Mexican citizens living in the transferred territories. Despite assurances to the contrary, the property rights of Mexican citizens were often not honored by the U.S. in accordance with modifications to and interpretations of the Treaty. The U.S. also agreed to take over 3.25 million dollars (equivalent to $82.2 million today) in debts that Mexico owed to United States citizens. |
| Sutter's Mill | owned by 19th century pioneer John Sutter in partnership with James W. Marshall. It was located in Coloma, California, at the bank of the South Fork American River; most famous for its association with the California Gold Rush; Marshall found gold there |
| Wilmot Proviso | one of the major events leading to the Civil War; would have banned slavery in any territory to be acquired from Mexico in the Mexican War or in the future, including the area later known as the Mexican Cession, but which some proponents construed to also include the disputed lands in south Texas and New Mexico east of the Rio Grande. |
| David Wilmot | politician who introduced the titular proviso; started debate between North and South; a Democrat, a Free Soiler, and a Republican during his political career. His opposition to slavery did not include the abolitionist position of ending slavery in the entire country, and his views on race, by today's standards, could be classified as racist. |
| Popular Sovereignty | middle position on the slavery issue. It said that actual residents of territories should be able to decide by voting whether or not slavery would be allowed in the territory. The federal government did not have to make the decision, and by appealing to democracy Cass and Douglas hoped they could finesse the question of support for or opposition to slavery. Douglas applied it to Kansas in the Kansas-Nebraska Act which passed Congress in 1854. The Act had two unexpected results. By dropping the Missouri Compromise of 1820 (which said slavery would never be allowed in Kansas), it was a major boost for the expansion of slavery. |
| Lewis Cass | an American military officer and politician. During his long political career, he served as a governor of the Michigan Territory, an American ambassador, a U.S. Senator representing Michigan, and co-founder as well as first Masonic Grand Master of the Grand Lodge of Michigan. He was the losing nominee of the Democratic Party for president in 1848. He was nationally famous as a leading spokesman for the controversial Doctrine of Popular Sovereignty, which would have allowed voters in the territories to determine whether to make slavery legal instead of having Congress decide. |
| Crittenden Compromise | an unsuccessful proposal introduced by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden on December 18, 1860. It aimed to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860-1861 by addressing the grievances that led the slave states of the United States to contemplate secession from the United States; composed of constitutional amendments and congressional resolutions |
| Oneida Community | a religious commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York. The community believed that Jesus had already returned in the year 70 CE, making it possible for them to bring about Jesus's millennial kingdom themselves, and be free of sin and perfect in this world, not just Heaven (a belief called Perfectionism); practiced Communalism (in the sense of communal property and possessions), Complex Marriage, Male Continence, Mutual Criticism and Ascending Fellowship; became silverware company |
| Associations | a term used often by Alexis de Tocqueville describing the groups that Americans form to change their country and government; he used the Temperance Unions as examples |
| "Benevolent Empire" | part of a 19th century religious movement in the United States called the Second Great Awakening. Various protestant denominations developed missionary organizations in order to Christianize citizens of the United States and the world, and to create a Christian nation. The movement included a commitment to social reform by wealthy and middle-class urbanites. |
| Communitarianism | a critique of classical social and political liberalism, stressing the central importance of the community group over the autonomous individual in the formulation of political and economic rights and obligations; an ideology that emphasizes the connection between the individual and the community. That community may be the family unit, but it can also be understood in a far wider sense of personal interaction, of geographical location, or of shared history. |
| Shakers (United Society of Believers) | a religious sect originally thought to be a development of the Religious Society of Friends. Founded upon the teachings of Ann Lee, Shakers today are mostly known for their cultural contributions (especially style of music and furniture). However, the Shakers' enduring legacy includes their model of equality of the sexes (or gender equality), which they institutionalized in their society in the 1780s famous for practicing celibacy; reason why they are not prevalent today; broke sexual tension through dances |
| Ann Lee | the founder of the Shakers utopian community; believed that she was the reincarnation of Jesus Christ |
| Amana Community | another community in which every man was married to every woman; raised children as a community |
| Oneida County | this county's Female Missionary Society helped to finance the Second Great Awakening |
| Rappites | followers of the Harmony Society founded by Johann Rapp and his adopted son Frederick in Germany; came to the United States; placed all goods in common; Christian theosophy and pietist society |
| Robert Owen | Welsh social reformer and one of the founders of utopian socialism and the cooperative movement; known for his communistic yet successful utopian community; society of New Harmony given to him by George Rapp; fell apart after he died |
| Charles Fourier ("Fourier Phalanxes) | a French philosopher; very influential and radical in his lifetime; his thoughts inspired communities named for him; feminist |
| Phalanx (phalanstere) | a type of building designed for an utopian community and developed in the early 19th century by Charles Fourier. ; this self-contained community ideally consisted of 1500-1600 people working together for mutual benefit. Several so-called colonies were founded in the United States of America by Albert Brisbane and Horace Greeley. |
| The Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-day Saints (Mormons) | started by Joseph Smith; based on the Book of Mormon; a lost testament written by a messenger of God whose people was killed by people who became the Indians; known for some sects of it allowing polygamy |
| Joseph Smith (1831 - 1844) | the "prophet"/founder of the Mormon Religion; killed in a jail cell by an angry mob |
| Navoo & the Navoo Legion | its namesake Legion was a militia originally organized by the Latter Day Saints (Mormons) to defend the namesake city located in Illinois. To curry political favor with the ambiguously-political Saints, the Illinois state legislature granted the city a liberal city charter that gave the Nauvoo Legion extraordinary independence. Led by Joseph Smith, Jr., founder of the Latter Day Saint movement and mayor of the city, the Legion quickly became a formidable concentration of military power in the American West; the Legion could not help him when he was assassinated by a mob |
| Brigham Young (1847) | the successor to Joseph Smith as the head of the Mormon religion; decided to settle upon the shores of the Great Salt Lake |
| Polygamy | the practice of having multiple spouses, usually wives; the Mormons became very unpopular due to the fact that they practiced this |
| Thomas Gallaudet (1817) | renowned American pioneer in the education of the Deaf. Along with Laurent Clerc and Mason Cogswell, he co-founded the first institution for the education of the Deaf in North America, and he became its first principal. When opened in 1817, it was called the "American Asylum for Deaf-Mutes" in Connecticut, but it is now known as the American School for the Deaf. |
| Samuel Howe (1832) | a nineteenth century United States physician, abolitionist, and an advocate of education for the blind. |
| Institutionalization | the action of confining someone to an institution or making someone or something a part of a system |
| Eastern State Penitentiary | former American prison in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It is located on 2027 Fairmount Avenue between Corinthian Avenue and North 22nd Street in the Fairmount section of Philadelphia and was operational from 1829 until 1971; refined the revolutionary system of separate incarceration first pioneered at the Walnut Street Jail which emphasized principles of reform rather than punishment. Notorious criminals such as bank robber Willie Sutton and Al Capone were held inside its unique wagon wheel design. When the building was erected it was the largest and most expensive public structure ever constructed, quickly becoming a model for more than 300 prisons worldwide. |
| Dorothea Dix | an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses. |
| American Temperance Union (1826) | the first national temperance group; founded in 1826; tried to reduce or prohibit the distribution and consumption of alcohol |
| Maine Law (1851) | was one of the first statutory implementations of the developing temperance movement in the United States; named for the state in which it was passed; prevented sale of alcohol except for medicinal uses |
| Gradualism | belief in or the policy of advancing toward a goal by gradual, often slow stages; some abolitionists wanted to use this philosophy to get rid of slavery |
| Abolitionism | the belief in the instant and immediate emancipation of slaves; supported strongly by people like William Lloyd Garrison |
| The Liberator | the newspaper created by William Lloyd Garrison; called for the emancipation of slaves |
| Theodore Dwight Weld | one of the leading architects of the American abolitionist movement during its formative years, from 1830 through 1844; played a role as writer, editor, speaker, and organizer. He is best known for his co-authorship of the authoritative compendium, American Slavery As It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, published in 1839. |
| Liberty Party | a political party during the 1800's whose platform was the instant abolition of slavery; the first candidate was James G. Birney, a "reformed" slaveowner; let Polk win instead of Clay in the Election of 1848 |
| David Walker | an outspoken African American activist who demanded the immediate end of slavery in the new nation. In 1829, while living in Boston, Massachusetts, he published Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World, a call to awaken other African Americans to the power of black unity and struggle. |
| Appeal to the Coloured Citizens of the World | a work written by black abolitionist David Walker to awaken other African-Americans to the power of black unity and struggle |
| Frederick Douglass | an escaped, educated slave who became an abolitionist; wrote a famous narrative about his life; changed his last name from "Bailey" |
| Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass (1845) | an account of the life of the titular escaped-slave; how he grew up; showed some of the horrors of slavery |
| Sojourner Truth | United States abolitionist and feminist who was freed from slavery and became a leading advocate of the abolition of slavery and for the rights of women |
| Women's Rights | a movement that sought to "liberate" women from their "enchained" relationship with men; started especially when women were forbidden to go to the World Abolition Conference; women started to realize that they were "manacled" themselves |
| Margaret Fuller | American journalist, critic, and women's rights advocate associated with the American transcendentalism movement. She was the first full-time American female book reviewer in journalism. Her book Woman in the Nineteenth Century is considered the first major feminist work in the United States; also known for editing the Transcendentalist journal The Dial |
| Sarah and Angelina Grimke | two sisters who were at first abolitionists; they later also turned their efforts towards women's rights; one of them wrote a letter back to Catherine Beecher |
| Seneca Falls Convention | a convention in the titular place where people fighting for women's rights gathered; famous declaration signed there mimicked the Declaration of Independence; Frederick Douglass and William Lloyd Garrison also there |
| Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton | two leaders of the women's rights movement; planned the Seneca Falls Convention |
| Susan B. Anthony | a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She was co-founder of the first Women's Temperance Movement with Elizabeth Cady Stanton as President. She also co-founded the women's rights journal, The Revolution. She traveled the United States and Europe, and averaged 75 to 100 speeches per year. She was one of the important advocates in leading the way for women's rights to be acknowledged and instituted in the American government. |
| "Anxious Bench" | 1. Also called anxious seat. Chiefly North Atlantic States and Southern and South Midland U.S. a seat reserved at a revival meeting for those troubled by conscience and eager for spiritual assistance. 2. a state of anxiety, especially about the outcome of a vote, negotiation, etc. |
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