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acoustic encoding the encoding of sound, especially the sound of words automatic processing unconcious encoding of incidental information, such as space, time and frequency, and of well-learned information, such as word meanings chunking Organizing items into familiar manageable units; often occurs automatically echoic memory a momentary sensory memory of auditory stimuli; if attnetion is elsewhere, sounds and words can still be recalled within 3 or 4 seconds effortful processing encoding that requires our attention and conscious effort encoding the processing of information into the memory system - for example, by extracting meaning explicit memory memory of facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. aka: declarative memory hippocampus belongs to the limbic system and plays important roles in the consolidation of information from short-term memory to long-term memory and spatial navigation; helps process explicit memories for storage iconic memory A momentary sensory memory of visual stimuli; a photographic or picture-image memory lasting no more than a few tenths of a second imagery Mental pictures; a powerful aid to effortful processing, especially when combined with semantic encoding implicit memory Retention without conscious recollection long-term memory the relatively permanent and limitless store-house of the memory system. Includes knowledge, skills and experiences long-term potentiation An increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation. These neurons fire more readily. Believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory. memory The persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information misinformation effect Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event; the finding that exposure to misleading information presented between the encoding of an event and its subsequent recall causes impairment in memory mnemonics Memory aids, especially those techniques that use vivid imagery and organizational devices working memory a newer understanding of short-term memory that involves conscious, active processing of incoming auditory and visual-spatial information, and of information retrieved from long-term memory; system which actively holds information in the mind to do verbal and nonverbal tasks such as reasoning and comprehension, and to make it available for further information processing storage The retention of encoded information over time spacing effect The tendency for disturbed study or practice to yield better long term retention that is achieved through massed study or practice source amnesia attributing to the wrong source an event we have experienced, heard about, read about, or imagined; explicit memory disorder in which someone can recall certain information, but not where or how it was obtained short-term memory activated memory that holds a few items briefly, such as the seven digits of a phone number while dialing, before the informationis stored or forgotten; A working memory that last less than 18 seconds before forgotten. The capacity is very limited serial position effect our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list A better recall for information that comes at the beginning (primary effect) and at the end of a list of words (recency effect) semantic encoding the encoding of meaning, including the meaning of words; Associated with the deep processing, emphasizes the meaning of the verbal input retroactive interference the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information; The process by which new memories prevent the retrieval of older memories retrieval The process of getting the information out of memory storage repression In psychoanalytic theory, the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiet-arousing thoughts, feelings and memories from consciousness; The tendency to forget unpleasant or traumatic memories hidden in the unconscious mind according to Freud relearning A memory measure that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time rehearsal A conscious repetition of information to either maintain it in conciousness or to encode it for storage recall a measure of memory in which the person must retrieve information learned earlier (fill in the blank test). Type of retrieval recognition A measure of memory in which the person need only identify items previously learned (multiple choice test)