HIEU 2001 Final Exam
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91 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Asceticism | Originates from the word "askesis" meaning training; emphasis on abstinence from worldly pleasures (the style of life where meat, alcohol, sex and flashy clothing are avoided) |
| Simeon Stylites (c.390-459) | A Christian ascetic; known for moving to the desert and living on a platform on top of the pillar he finds for 39 years. Now the remains are called the Church of St.Simeon |
| Justinian (r.527-565) | Born Petras Sebatia, he was the Byzantine Emperor. He styled himself after Constantine and held councils similar to the Council of Nicea. He wantedto revive the Empire's greatness and reconquer the lost western half of the classical Roman Empire. |
| Theodora (c.500-548) | an actress; the wife of Justinian who was known for her sex acts on stage. A law prevented government officials from marrying actresses, but he changes this law to marry her (demonstrates how much power he has) |
| Hagia Sophia | A basilica built in Constantinople by Justinian; it had been there for years but he wanted something bigger and more grand (its dome was the largest in the world). Rumored that when he entered it, he said "Solomon, I have outdone you" |
| Desert Fathers | hermits, ascetics, monks, and nuns (Desert Mothers) who lived mainly in the Scetes desert of Egypt beginning around the third century AD. The most well known was St. Anthony who moved to the desert and became known as both the father and founder of desert monasticism |
| Byzantine Empire | It was the Eastern Roman Empire during the periods of Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, centered on the capital of Constantinople. |
| Boethius (c.480-524) | He was a philosopher of the early 6th century. Best known for writing "Consolation of Philosophy". |
| Monte Cassino, St. Benedict | A rocky hill in Italy,near the town of Cassino. St. Benedict of Nursia established his first monastery, the source of the Benedictine Order, here around 529. |
| Islam | The word means "submission". Islam teaches that Allah (God) revealed his message to Muhammad. Jesus Christ is seen as a prophet and not as the son of God. Basic principles are the five Pillars of Islam, which emphasize submission to God. |
| Qu'ran | Meaning "recitation", it is the central religious text of Islam, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God. |
| Muhammad (c.570-632) | Known as the father if Islam. Born into the Hasimite clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. His death in 632 caused a crisis about who would be the next leader. Considered to be the last law-bearer in a series of Islamic prophets, and, by most Muslims, the last prophet of God as taught by the Qu'ran |
| Umayyad Caliphate | Originally from Mecca, the family was the second of the four major Arab caliphates established after the death of Muhammad. At the end of the civil war, these leadrs consolidated their control of conquered territories and established peace in the empire. Built an empire that reached from Spain to central Asia. Their capital was Damascus. |
| Arabization | describes a growing cultural influence on a non-Arab area that gradually changes into one that speaks Arabic and/or incorporates Arab culture. It was most prominently achieved during the 7th century Arabian Muslim conquests which spread the Arabic language, culture, and—having been carried out by Arabian Muslims as opposed to Arab Christians or Arabic speaking Jews—the religion of Islam to the lands they conquered |
| 711 | The year in which the Ummayads invade Spain and easily overthrow the Arian Christian Visigothic kingdom. (Known as Al-Andalus). Muslim domination would last here until the 13th century. |
| Abbasid Caliphate (c.750-945) | Tried to exterminate the Umayyad family after the last Umayyad caliph died in 750. They were the third of the Islamic caliphates and they built their capital in Baghdad. The Islamic Golden Age was inaugurated by the middle of the 8th century by the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphate and the transfer of the capital from Damascus to Baghdad. |
| Merovingians | Founded by Clovis, a Frankish King who converted to Orthodox Christianity. The dynasty came to rule the Franks in a region largely corresponding to ancient Gaul from the middle of the 5th century. Their politics involved frequent civil warfare among branches of the family. |
| Carolingians | Their name means "descendants of Charles" in reference to Charles Martel, the founder. Established in 751 when Pépin ,last king of the Merovingian dynasty deposed his nominal lord and declared himself king with the support of the Papacy. |
| Charlemagne (r.768-814) | Son of Pepin, and the King of the Franks and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. Leader of the Carolingian Renaissance and is extremely popular because of his support from the Pope. The Carolingian Empire begins to fall apart and after his death, everything is fragmented. |
| Einhard | The personal historian of Charlemagne who was educated by monks and went onto become a part of Charlemagne's administration. Documented in the time in which Charlemagne ruled. |
| Carolingian Renaissance | Stands out as a period of intellectual and cultural revival in Europe. Charlemagne wanted to make the royal court an intellectual center. It was one of a series of revivals of interest in ancient Greek and Latin literature. |
| Vikings | Scandinavian people who took to the sea and built ships. They caused a lot of panic because they would invade by ship, invade the land, and the get back on the ships. Most people felt they were unstoppable and in 842, they destroyed London and by the end of 9th century, they conquered Britain. |
| Alfred the Great | He was the King of Wessex who won a victory against Dames and pushed them back. |
| Fuedalism | A term that refers to the middle ages and fuedal society (10th-12th centuries). Rulers and kings during this period weren't very powerful and this time is a hallmark for radical political decentralization. Lords and vassals were important during this time and the state had a monopoly on violence in the modern world. |
| Knights | A horseman soldier of low status- didn't have much nobility but were considered to be above peasantry. They don't own land, but are able to become close with a Lord who will let them use it in return for military service. |
| Vassal | A person who has entered into a mutual obligation to a lord or monarch in the feudal system. They swear an oath of loyalty and sometimes give advice to their Lords. They don't own land, but they can live on it and use it to make a profit. |
| Castles | Seen as a major technological innovation in the military during this time. They were military fortifications and were seen as a way of controlling territory. They were large and wooden, on top of a hill with a wall around the bottom (they were on a hill so they could see the territory they were protecting). |
| Domina | The term used to refer to women leaders during this time. (Women are also landowners and can become powerful) |
| Serfs | Serfdom refers to subject peasantry (they weren't freed and worked the land). They were bound to the land (not as slaves) but could not leave without permission. |
| Lay investiture | Investiture was a system in which Bishops had close relationships with Kings, so that if they died young, they may have had the power to appoint a new one. Lay investiture refers to the problem in which the church doesn't think Kings should appoint a Bishop because there are certain spiritual qualifications needed. |
| Concordat of Worms (1122) | Brings an end to lay investiture (Kings still had power over churches in their territory) |
| Three Estates | Refers to the ranking of importance in the middle ages: the clergy (those who pray), the knights (those who fight) and the peasants (those who work). Status was associated with how much land was owned. |
| Holy Roman Empire | Existed from 962 to 1806 in Central Europe. It was ruled by the Holy Roman Emperor. Its character changed during the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period, when the power of the emperor gradually weakened in favor of the princes. In its last centuries, its character became quite close to a union of territories. |
| Council of Clermont | 1095; when Urban goes on a journey to Clermont and he preaches the idea of the crusade to them. |
| Peace and Truce of God | Peace movement initiated by the church to curb violence. Peace of God provides safety of non-combatants; no violence in sacred places and the churches/monasteries become areas of refuge and safety. |
| Urban II | Pope from 1088 until his death in 1099. He is most known for starting the First Crusade (1096-1099) |
| Crusade | A series of religious wars, blessed by the Pope and the Catholic Church with the main goal of restoring Christian access to the holy places in and near Jerusalem. There was an idea that God will forgive all your sins if you go on a crusade. |
| 1st Crusade | This was the only successful takeover of Jerusalem by the Christians in 1095. |
| Crusader States | Refers to the land occupied during the crusades. There were 4 main states- Edessa, Tripoli, Antioch and Jerusalem. Kingdoms were set up there. |
| Third Crusade | Ricahrd and Saladin meet; Richard can't make any significant gains. He does conquer Cyprus and it remains in Christian hands longer than anything else. |
| Saladin | He was a famous general, considered to be civilized. Took over and gained control of Islamic soldiers and is able to claim Jerusalem in two weeks. This leads to the institution of another crusade. |
| Reconquest of Spain | Taking Toledo had significance to the Visigoths and in the 12/13 centuries there is a push to reclaim territory. Cordoba is captured in the 13th century and Seville. Granada maintains itself until 1492 as Al-Andalus. There is a patchwork of Christian kingdoms with a variety of leaders. |
| Henry II of England | Crowned king in 1154, ruled England and France however was ruling both kingdoms from England. He and his family were French however. Thomas Becket was killed during his reign, once he became Archbishop of Canterbury; the two got into an argument over the role of the church in England. Was succeed by his son Richard. |
| Phillip Augustus of France | Philip II Augustus was the King of France from 1180 until his death. Philip was one of the most successful medieval French monarchs in expanding the royal demesne and the influence of the monarchy. He broke up the great Angevin Empire and defeated a coalition of his rivals at the Battle of Bouvines in 1214. He reorganized the government, bringing financial stability to the country and thus making possible a sharp increase in prosperity. His reign was popular with ordinary people because he checked the power of the nobles and passed some of it on to the growing middle class. |
| Alfonso X | Alfonso X was a Castilian monarch who ruled as the King of Castile, León and Galicia from 1252 until his death in 1284. He also was elected King of the Germans in 1257. He established Castilian as a language of higher learning and earned his nicknames "the Wise" or "the Learned" and "the Astrologer" through his own prolific writings, including Galician poetry. He also introduced the Siete Partidas. |
| Siete Partidas | The Siete Partidas was a Castilian statutory code first compiled during the reign of Alfonso X of Castile, with the intent of establishing a uniform body of normative rules for the kingdom. The Partidas had great significance in Latin America as well, where it was followed for centuries, up to the 19th century. Although the code concentrates on legislative issues, it has also been described as a "humanist encyclopedia," as it addresses philosophical, moral and theological topics as well, including the Greco-Roman, Judeo-Christian and Islamic viewpoints. |
| Magna Carta | Magna Carta is an English charter, originally issued in the year 1215 and the charter first passed into law in 1225. The 1215 Charter required King John of England to proclaim certain liberties, and accept that his will was not arbitrary, for example by explicitly accepting that no "freeman" (in the sense of non-serf) could be punished except through the law of the land. Magna Carta was the first document forced onto an English King by a group of his subjects, the feudal barons, in an attempt to limit his powers by law and protect their privileges. |
| Black Death | The Black Death was one of the most devastating pandemics in human history, peaking in Europe between 1348 and 1350. The Black Death is estimated to have killed 30-60 percent of Europe's population, reducing the world's population from an estimated 450 million to between 350 and 375 million in the 14th century. The aftermath of the plague created a series of religious, social and economic upheavals, which had profound effects on the course of European history. It took 150 years for Europe's population to recover. |
| Flagellants | Flagellants are practitioners of an extreme form of mortification of their own flesh by whipping it with various instruments. Flagellantism was a 13th and 14th centuries movement, consisting of radicals in the Catholic Church. It began as a militant pilgrimage and was later condemned by the Catholic Church as heretical. |
| Dance of Death | Dance of Death, no matter one's station in life, the Dance of Death unites all. The Danse Macabre consists of the dead or personified Death summoning representatives from all walks of life to dance along to the grave, typically with a pope, emperor, king, child, and labourer. They were produced to remind people of the fragility of their lives and how vain were the glories of earthly life. 14th and 15th centuries. |
| Peasants' Revolt | The Peasants' Revolt, or the Great Rising of 1381 was one of a number of popular revolts in late medieval Europe and is a major event in the history of England. It was not only the most extreme and widespread insurrection in English history but also the best-documented popular rebellion to have occurred during medieval times. The revolt later came to be seen as a mark of the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England, although the revolt itself was a failure. It increased awareness in the upper classes of the need for the reform of feudalism in England and the appalling misery felt by the lower classes as a result of their enforced near-slavery. |
| Agincourt | The Battle of Agincourt was a major English victory against a numerically superior French army in the Hundred Years' War. The battle occurred on Friday, 25 October 1415. Henry V's victory crippled France and started a new period in the war, during which Henry married the French king's daughter and his son, Henry VI, was made heir to the throne of France. Henry V led his troops into battle and participated in hand-to-hand fighting. The battle is notable for the use of the English longbow, which Henry used in very large numbers, with English and Welsh archers forming most of his army. |
| Joan of Arc | Saint Joan of Arc, nicknamed "The Maid of Orléans" (ca. 1412 - 30 May 1431), is a national heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint. A peasant girl born in eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII. She was captured by the Burgundians, sold to the English, tried by an ecclesiastical court, and burned at the stake when she was 19 years old. Twenty-five years after the execution, Pope Callixtus III examined the trial, pronounced her innocent and declared her a martyr. |
| The Babylonian Captivity | The Babylonian captivity was the period in Jewish history during which the Jews of the ancient Kingdom of Judah were captives in Babylon (587-538 BCE). The forced exile ended in 538/7 BCE after the fall of Babylon to the Persian king Cyrus the Great, who gave the Jews permission to return to Yehud province and to rebuild the Temple. The captivity and subsequent return to the Land of Israel and the rebuilding of the Second Temple in Jerusalem are considered significant events in Jewish history and culture, which had a far-reaching impact on the development of Judaism. |
| Catherine of Sienna | Saint Catherine of Siena, (25 March 1347 in Siena - 29 April 1380 in Rome) was a tertiary of the Dominican Order, and a Scholastic philosopher and theologian. She also worked to bring the papacy of Gregory XI back to Rome from its displacement in France, and to establish peace among the Italian city-states. She was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1970. She is one of the two patron saints of Italy, together with St. Francis of Assisi. |
| Council of Constance | The Council of Constance was held from 1414 to 1418. The council ended the Three-Popes Controversy, by deposing or accepting the resignation of the remaining Papal claimants and electing Pope Martin V. The Council also condemned and executed Jan Hus and ruled on issues of national sovereignty, the rights of pagans, and just war in response to a conflict between the Kingdom of Poland and the Order of the Teutonic Knights. The Council is important for its relationship to ecclesial Conciliarism and Papal supremacy. |
| Artillery | The artillery revolution in Europe caught on during the Hundred Years' War and changed the way that battles were fought. In the following year, the English used a gunpowder weapon in a military campaign against the Scottish. However, a major change occurred between 1420-1430, when artillery became much more powerful and could now batter strongholds and fortresses quite efficiently. The English, French, and Burgundians all advanced in military technology. The cannons during this period were elongated, and the recipe for gunpowder was improved to make it three times as powerful as before. These changes led to the increased power in the artillery weapons of the time. |
| Bureaucracy | Henry II refined Norman government and created a capable, self-standing bureaucracy.Henry empowered a new social class of government clerks that stabilized procedure - the government could operate effectively in the king's absence and would subsequently prove sufficiently tenacious to survive the reign of incompetent kings. Henry's reforms allowed the emergence of a body of common law to replace the disparate customs of feudal and county courts. |
| Troubadours (Trobairitzes) | A wandering poet that travels from castle to castle or court to court. Originated in the Acquitaine region of France. Created the love song. Even though they weren't rich, they were not confined to class politics. First evidence of Romantic love. |
| Romances | A new literary genre written in the vernacular. Not written in Latin like many other written sources during this time. The Troubadours started the first modern form of romance that we still see today. 12th Century |
| Courtly Love | Usually included a Knight Errant (traveling knight) that goes on journeys, rescues maidens, and has really strong morals. The Knight has love for his Lord's lady, but it is not covetous, more like respect and caring. Chastity and love sickness is a central feature. |
| The Lais | Written by Marie of France- a famous medieval woman writer. characters are punished for having selfish love, moral is that it is better to have generous love. We know it was popular because it was translated into many different languages. |
| Twelfth Century Renaissance | Philosophic and scientific advancements made during this time paved the way for the Italian Renaissance. Monasteries and cathedrals served as intellectual centers of learning. There is a larger spread of people and ideas during this period. Universities are started during this time. |
| Abelard and Heloise | Abelard was an intellectual during the 12th Century. He wrote a textbook on reason Sic et non (Yes and no). Started applying philosophy to theology, which angered the church. Started tutoring Heloise and they fell in love. Their love is not approved, Heloise's Uncle gets a group of men to castrate Abelard. They can't get married now, so they both go to a monastery/nunnery. Continue to record intelligent sources. Heloise is an example of an intellectual woman in the 12th Century. They were rare, but they happened. |
| Ibn Rushd/ Averroes (1126-1198) | Did a commentary on Aristotle's work. Made Aristotle well known again throughout the western world. Defended Aristotle amongst his Muslim contemporaries who thought his ideas were threatening to the Islamic faith. |
| Maimonides (1138) | Jewish contemporary of Ibn Rushd. Physician of Saladin. Wrote the Mishnah Torah and the Guide of the Perplexed. Believed that philosophy would lead to a purer love of God |
| Thomas Aquinas (1224) | Dominican Priest. Wrote Suma Theologica. Influence by Ibn Rushd, Maimonides, and Aristotle. Wanted to systematize theology. |
| Universities | Started with masters getting together with their students in forms of guilds. They wanted to organize learning and make it slightly more uniform. Led to the decline of monastic schools of learning. |
| Francis of Assisi 1226 | Got a calling from God to live an apostolic life. Rejected the wealth of the monastery and chose to live in poverty. Started gathering a following so he wrote rules on how to live. They were called Franciscan monks. |
| Domingo Guzman 1221 | Started a monastic order like Francis of Assisi. Studied with the Cathars, decided they didn't have enough preaching. Started the "order of the preachers." Dominican order of monks. |
| Mendicant Friars | Depend on the charity of people. They do not own property for themselves. Believed this poor life was the best way to get close to Jesus, because they were emulating his lifestyle. Also allowed them to devote all their time to religious work. Both Francis and Domingo had Mendicant orders. |
| Heresy | religious treason |
| Cathars /Albigensians | Believed body and flesh were separate. Believed that all people's souls lived in heaven, but an evil god punished people by bringing their souls down to earth and trapping them in human bodies. They could never return to heaven until they were reincarnated into the body of a Cathar. |
| Albigensian Crusade | First Christian vs. Christian Crusade. Main objective was to drive out the Cathars. Resulted in lots of massacres. Unsuccessful |
| The Inquisition | Eventually eradicated Catharism. Run by the Dominicans. Happened for a couple of years at a time. Used execution or other punishments to make an example out of heretics so that other heretics would convert. interesting because there was a high quality legal structure about them that hadn't been seen before. |
| Communal Italy | 11th-13th centuries; cities gain independence, becoming city-states; these cities became similar to republics with assemblies of citizens and public officials |
| Podesta | 11-13th centuries: chief elected official in communal Italy; oversaw justice, self-defense, and finances |
| Guelph | faction in communal Italy; pro Lombard league/popes; dominated for 50 years at end of 13th century |
| Ghibelline | 13th century; faction in communal Italy; pro emperor |
| Galleys | 11-13th centuries; printing technology in communal Italy |
| Crete | island off of Greece; colonized by Venice (early 13th century) as an important trading post; acted as a foothold in the Eastern Mediterranean to use to dominate trade for the rest of Mediterranean |
| Marco Polo | late 13th century; Venetian; traveled along the Silk Road to China & wrote about his travels; admired the Mongols |
| The Silk Road | trade route from the Mediterranean to China, tying together nearly half the world; it was mediated by Muslim merchants; 12th & 13th centuries |
| Spices | 12th & 13th centuries; main motivator for European trade with East; included insence, perfume, medicine, cooking & to show affluence/status; most valuable spice was pepper |
| Prester John | 12th & 13th centuries; idea of a Christian ruler in India who would form an alliance with Europeans; there were medieval forgeries of letters from him describing his wealth; was a group of Syrian Christians |
| Slave Trade | 13th century Mediterranean slave trade rose sharply, especially Genoese; mostly household/domestic slaves, especially female; looked for non-Christians; especially took from around Black & Caspian Seas |
| House of Osman | 14th century; led Seljuk Turks to defeat Byzantines during a time of incredible instability for Byzantines |
| Mehmet II | 15th century; aggressive Ottoman Sultan; adapts gunpowder for canons; built army & navy; sieges Constantinople and makes it his main residence |
| 1453 | year Mehmet II, the Ottoman Sultan, besieges Constantinople |
| Constantinople | capital of Byzantine empire; taken by Ottomans in 15th century; changes to Istanbul; has Roman prestige and is a symbol for the fall of the Byzantine empire and has a good location |
| "The Third Rome" | Constantinople persisted the legacy of Rome so it's seizure by the Ottomans in the 15th century was a symbolic moment in Europe; Ottomans became the next biggest thing, rivaling Rome |
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