5 Written Questions

1. Primarily occurs by diffusion. Lipid soluble molecules (O2 and CO2) diffuse via capillary endothelial plasma membranes while ions and polar molecules diffuse via channel in the capillary wall, intercellular clefts between endothelial cells, and fused-vesicle channels through endothelial cells.
2. Elastic walls of arteries stretch and recoil because they are compliant. They readily distend (increase volume) during systole (time of increased pressure). As a result of large radii, there is little resistance to blood flow.
3. -The ANS is part of peripheral NS. It regulates function of both smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.
   -Medulla Oblongata: cardiac control center of brain, regulates HR
   Parasympathetic: slows HR
   Sympathetic: increases HR
4. Autorythmic cells in the sinoatrial (SA) node of the right atrium pass electrical impulses (action potentials).
   -SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. It initiates the heartbeat and causes atria to contract.
   AV node (atrioventricular) conveys the contraction stimulus from the atria to the ventricles. The signal for the ventricles to contract travels from AV node through AV bundle that occurs between the right and left ventricles to the Purkinje fibers.
   -Ability of cardiac muscle to depolarize and contract is intrinsic, it doesn't depend on nervous system
   SA node--AV node--bundle--Purkinje fibers
5. is the recording of the electrical changes that occur in myocardium during a cardiac cycle.
   P Wave-atrial systole
   QRS Wave: ventricular systole
   T Wave: ventricular diastole
   -Can detect cardiac arrhythmias

5 Matching Questions

1. Describe flow of blood through the peripheral vasculature.
2. Describe sequence of events in the cardiac cycle.
3. Describe the cardiac chambers.
4. What is edema?
5. Describe the Passage Of Blood Through the Heart

1. a 1-superior & inferior vena cava carry O2-poor blood from body veins to right atrium
   2-right atrium contracts, sending blood through AV valve (tricuspid valve) to the right ventricle
   3-right ventricle contracts, pumping blood through the pulminary semilunar valve into the pulmonary trunk
   4-pulminary trunk, which carries O2-poor blood, divides into two pulmonary arteries, which go to the lungs
   5-pulmonary capillaries within the lungs allow gas exchange. O2 enters the blood, CO2 waste is excreted from blood
   6-Four pulmonary veins, which carry O2 rich blood, enter left atrium
   7-left atrium pumps blood through an AV valve (tricuspid/mitral) to the left ventricle
   8-left ventricle contracts, sending blood through the aortic semilunar valve into the aorta
   9-large arteries, smaller arteries, and arterioles supply tissue capillaries, tissue capillaries drain into increasingly larger veins,veins drain into superior and inferior vana cava to start again
2. b Cardiac cycle is all events associated with blood flow during one complete heart beat: a constant contraction then relaxation cycle
   Systole: contraction period
   Diastole: relaxation period
   
   Atriole sysole--atrial diastole--ventricular systole--ventricular diastole
3. c -RIght heart (right atrium and ventricle) circulates lung blood to lung (pulmonary pump)
   -Left heart (left atrium and ventricle) circulates blood to peripheral tissues (systemic pump)
4. d arteries--arterioles--capillaries--venules--veins
5. e The swelling of tissues with fluid that occurs when excess filtered plasma fluid cannot be returned to the blood stream and interstitial fluid builds up.

5 Multiple Choice Questions

1. Intrinsic:
   -Active Hyperemia: increased blood flow associated with inc. metabolic activity ex. exercise
   -Flow Regulation locally mediated changes in resulting from changes in blood supply due to changes in BP
   -Reactive Hyperemia: transient increase in blood flow following arteriolar occlusion ex. response to injury
   Extrinsic:
   -Autonomic Innervation, hormones, paracrine agents secreted by endothelial cells
   1. How are arteries able to act as pressure reservoirs that can readily stretch and recoil?
   2. What are some mechanisms to increase heart rate?
   3. What are the layers of the heart wall?
   4. What are some regulators of arteriolar resistance via vasoconstriction and vasodilation?
2. Coronary arteries exiting from the aorta provide oxygenated blood to the heart
   1. What is edema?
   2. What are the layers of the heart wall?
   3. What is blood pressure?
   4. What supplies blood to the heart?
3. Adrenal Medulla uses following to increase SA node stimulation
   -deliver epinephrine
   -release more norepinephrine
   -reduce release of acetylcholine
   1. What are the layers of the heart wall?
   2. What are four causes of edema?
   3. What supplies blood to the heart?
   4. What are some mechanisms to increase heart rate?
4. -Blood high in CO2 and low in O2 flows from right heart to lungs
   -CO2 off-loaded and O2 on-loaded in pulmonary capillaries
   -oxygenated blood flows from lungs to left heart
   1. Describe the cardiac chambers.
   2. Describe the cardiac valves.
   3. Describe pulmonary circulation.
   4. Describe systemic circulation.
5. -ECF= interstitial fluid + plasma
   ECF movement across capillaries occurs by bulk flow. Fluid is filtered out of capillaries into the insterstitium and absorbed from the interstitium back into the capillaries.
   Capillary wall is highly permeable to water and most plasma solutes except plasma protein. Plasma protein is referred to as a non-penetrating solute. Albumin makes up the majority of plasma protein and so accounts for most of the osmotic plasma pressure.
   -Filtration: movement of fluid and solutes out of the blood due to pressure differences
   -Absorption: movment of fluid and solutes into the blood due to osmosis
   1. Describe the Passage Of Blood Through the Heart
   2. Describe how hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure determine filtration and absorption and thus distribution of extracellular fluid.
   3. Explain how stroke volume and heart rate determine cardiac output CO.
   4. Describe the steps of lymphatic circulation.

5 True/False Questions

1. What are the layers of the heart wall? → -Epicardium: outer layer of connective tissue, coronary arteries
   -Myocardium: middle layer, muscular, thickest layer, workhorse of heart
   -Endocardium: innermost layer, smooth membrane, heart valves part of this, it is continuous with the endothelial layer of blood vessels

   True        False

2. What forces regulate lymph flow? → Propelled by rhythmic contraction of stretch sensitive smooth muscle. One way valves within lymph vessels ensure one way flow towards entry into the circulatory system. Skeletal muscle pumps and respiratory pump enhance lymph flow.

   True        False

3. Describe the cardiac valves. → -RIght heart (right atrium and ventricle) circulates lung blood to lung (pulmonary pump)
   -Left heart (left atrium and ventricle) circulates blood to peripheral tissues (systemic pump)

   True        False

4. Explain how stroke volume and heart rate determine cardiac output CO. → CO is volume of blood pumped per minute by each ventricle.
   SV: volume of blood ejected with contraction of the ventricle
   HR: number of heart beats (ventricular contractions) per minute
   CO= SV x HR
   SV=EDV - ESV (end diastolic volume-endsystolic volume)

   True        False

5. What are the Four Forces (Starling Forces) that determine whether fluid is filtered or absorbed into capillaries? → -capillary hydrostatic pressure
   -interstitial hydrostatic pressure
   -osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration
   -osmotic force due to interstitial-fluid protein concentration

   True        False