Biology Test 2
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87 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 diffusion | Passive transport; movement of molecules from high concentration to low concentration |
| facilitated diffusion | Passive transport; movement of slightly larger, more polar molecules from high concentration to low concentration by aid of transport proteins or ion channels |
| ion channels | protein gates that will open and close to let ions through |
| osmosis | diffusion of water through specific channels |
| aquaporins | osmosis channels |
| hypotonic | solute concentration is greater inside than outside; water moves into the cell |
| isotonic | solute concentration is the same inside and out; cell is at equilibrium |
| hypertonic | solute concentration is greater outside the cell than inside; water moves out of cell |
| uniport | a type of active transport that transport one material on way |
| symport | a type of active transport that transports two materials the same way |
| antiport | a type of active transport that moves two materials in opposite ways |
| Na+ and K+ pump | a type of coupled transport |
| H+ pump | also called a proton pump; used to maintain specific pH environments; active in the electron transport chain of chemiosmosis |
| endocytosis | bringing materials into the cell |
| phagocytosis | "cell eating"; plasma membrane wraps around large, solid material to form a vesicle which transports them into the cell |
| pinocytosis | "celldrinking"; plasma membrane wraps around liquid material to form a vesicle which transports them into the cell |
| receptor-mediated endocytosis | receptor proteins attached to clathrin attract specific molecules |
| clathrin | helps to form the pit shape of vesicles |
| exocytosis | bringing materials out of the cell |
| cell theory | all organisms are composed of one or more cells; smallest living thing is a cell; the cell is the basic unit of life; cells arise only from preexisting cells |
| surface area to volume ratio | smaller cells are beneficial due to their ________ which makes diffusion more efficient |
| prokaryotic cell characteristics | no true nucleus; very tiny; no internal membranes; reproduce by cell fission; primitive cells |
| eukaryotic cell characteristics | true nucleus (with membrane); internal membranes (organelles), compartmentalization |
| nucleoid | prokaryotic part that housed DNA in coiled circular chromosomes |
| plasma membrane | composed of phospholipids and proteins; semi permeable |
| cell wall | composed of peptidoglycen; protection, maintains shape, ect |
| capsule | prokaryotic part; thick coating of carbohydrates protects against host's immune system |
| pili | prokaryotic extensions of plasma membrane that helps it stick to things |
| prokaryotic flagellum | made up of one protein, flagellin; powered by proton gradient |
| ribosome | protein manufacturer; composed of two subunits made of RNA and protein |
| endomembrane system | system of connected membranous compartments |
| nucleus | "control center of the cell" |
| chromatin | natural, original form of DNA in the nucleus |
| necleuosome | DNA coiled around one central histone with a spacer histone |
| solenoid | high order coils of nucleosomes |
| scaffold | proten of which the chromatin is arranged around during mitosis |
| chromosomes | final, tightly wound form of DNA |
| histone | ball-like protein with a positive charge; what DNA coils around |
| nucleolus | assembles ribosomes |
| nucleoplasm | liquid inside the nucleus |
| nuclear pore | openings that allow materials to go in and out of the nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | bilayer phospholipid membrane; mostly impermeable to everything except for O2 and CO2 |
| nuclear lamina | a protein that lines the inside of the nucleus; stabilizes the nucleus and encourages chromatin to attach |
| rough er | modifies proteins for export; contains ribosomes |
| smooth er | synthesizes carbs and lipids; stores messenger chemicals; breaks down toxins |
| golgi apparatus | further modification of proteins; collection, packaging, and distribution of proteins |
| cis face | "same side as"; receiving end of the golgi |
| trans face | "opposite" exiting end of the golgi |
| hydrolytic proteins | type of proteins produced by golgi and sent to lysosomes |
| proteosome | body that degrades proteins |
| ubiquitin | type of protein that signals break doqn |
| peroxisome | breaks down hydrogen peroxide in the cell |
| mitochondria | "powerhouses" of the cell; makes ATP; has prokaryotic characteristics |
| chloroplast | site of photosynthesis; energy producers for plant cells |
| cytoskeleton | made up of three structures: actin filament, microtubule, intermediate filament |
| actin fimament | the smallest cytoskeleton structure; responsible for cellular movement |
| microtubule | biggest cytoskeleton structure; provides organization and moves materials within the cell |
| intermediate filament | bundled cable like cytoskeleton structure that imparts tremendous mechanical strength to the cell |
| eukaryotic flagella | nine + two structure of the tip with nine triplet structure of the basal body bottom; movement is the result of motor proteins and the dynein arm |
| dynein arm | proteins connected to motor proteins that cause the flagella to whip |
| centriole | microtubule organizing center; aids in cell division |
| central vacuole | stores water and nutrients; only in plant cells |
| plasmadesmata | channels in the cell wall that carries messages and allows for plant cells to communicate |
| energy | the capacity to do work |
| potential energy | stored energy |
| kinetic energy | released energy |
| redox reactions | reaction involving the transfer of electrons |
| oxidation | loss of an electron; low energy |
| reduction | gains an electron; high energy |
| endergonic | type of reaction requiring net input of energy; examples include dehydration synthesis and phosphorylation |
| exergonic | a type of reaction that releases energy; examples include hydrolysis and dephosphorilylation |
| photosynthesis | 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy > C6H12O6 + 6H2O |
| cellular respiration | C6H12O6 + 6H2O > 6H2O + 6CO2 + energy |
| activation energy | the energy required to undergo a reaction |
| catalyst | an enzyme that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy |
| induced fit | acitive site changes slightly to fit around substrate |
| active site | location of the enzyme where the substrate binds |
| substrate | the object binding to the enzyme |
| temperature and pH | factors affecting enzyme action |
| competitive inhibitor | inhibitor is a similar shape as substrate and blocks the active site |
| noncompetitive inhibitor | inhibitor changes shape of enzyme so that the substrate can't bind |
| allosteric site | a different site of the protein where a noncompetitive inhibitor binds |
| biochemical pathway | a series of biological reactions leading up to the creation of a particular product or event |
| metabolism | all the chemical reactions carried out by an organism |
| catabolism | type of metabolism in which bonds are broken (cellular respiration) |
| anabolism | a type of metabolism in which bonds are made (photosynthesis) |
| ATP | energy molecule; made up of ribose, adenine, and a triphosphate group |
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