| Term | Definition |
|---|
| recant | to take back a belief that was stated (said) |
| doctrine | an official set of rules, teachings, and beliefs |
| radical | extreme |
| Utopian | perfect, ideal |
| heresy | a crime against the church |
| vernacular | everyday language (not Latin) |
| Machiavellian | a ruthless use of power |
| humanism | movement during the Renaissance that emphasized the classics and celebrated people's potential |
| perspective | artistic technique that makes paintings look three dimensional |
| sect | a religious group that breaks away from the main church |
| purgatory | a place where, according to the Catholic Church, people go to pay for their sins until they're redeemed (saved) enough to go to heaven |
| indulgences | giving someone less time in purgatory, either for money or for good works |
| Wittenberg | where Martin Luther met with the princes of the Holy Roman Empire about his 95 Theses |
| Florence | the birth place of the Renaissance, home of many artists and the Medici Family |
| Sistine Chapel | the church in the Vatican where Michaelangelo painted the ceiling |
| Wittenberg | location of the cathedral where Martin Luther posted his 95 Theses |
| Renaissance | French for "rebirth"—an era of rebirth of culture and knowledge |
| Reformation | an effort to change the Catholic Church, which resulted in starting new religious sects |
| Protestant | Christian sects that started when Martin Luther broke away from the Catholic Church |
| English Reformation | when Henry VIII broke away from the Catholic Church |
| Counter Reformation | when the Catholic Church tried to fix problems in the church to keep people in the church |
| 95 Theses | Martin Luther's list of reasons why the selling of indulgences was bad |
| Renaissance Man | someone who is well-educated about many different kinds of things |
| Inquisition | group sponsored by the Catholic Church to investigate and try heresy |
| Scientific Revolution | advances in science during the Renaissance |
| The Prince | a handbook for getting and keeping power; |
| Martin Luther | German priest who began the Reformation |
| John Calvin | French religious leader who converted much of Switzerland to his religion, which was very strict |
| Francis Bacon | helped modernize the scientific method; focused more on observation |
| René DesCartes | helped modernize the scientific method; focused on thought. Also said, "I think, therefore I am." |
| Kepler and Copernicus | the 2 people who developed the theory that the sun was the center of the solar system |
| Galileo | made improvements to the telescope which helped him verify the theory that the sun was the center of the solar system; was convicted of heresy and forced to recant; his later years under house arrest |
| John Boyle | scientifist who is considered the father of modern chemistry |
| William Shakespeare | English poet and playwright; wrote dozens of plays including Romeo & Juliet and Julius Caesar |
| Petrarch | Italian humanist who encouraged collecting classical writings into libraries |
| Castiglione | wrote The Book of the Courtier |
| Machiavelli | wrote The Prince |
| Sir Thomas More | wrote Utopia; advisor to King Henry VIII |
| Erasmus | Dutch priest who translated the Bible into Greek and encouraged the Bible be written in the vernacular |
| Johan Gutenberg | inventor of the printing press |
| Leonardo da Vinci | painter, inventor, and scientist; painted The Mona Lisa |
| Michaelangelo Buonaroti | painter and sculptor; sculpted the statue David and painted the Sistine Chapel |
| Raphael | painter who painted The School of Athens and several Madonnas (among other things) |
| Brunelleschi | painter and architect who pioneered perspective if painting |
| Albrecht Dürer | Northern painter, consider the "da Vinci of the North"; did sketches |
| Lorenzo de Medici | Italian merchant and banker who helped sponsor (pay for) Renaissance artists |
| Henry VIII | King of England who had 6 wives and began the English Reformation |
| Elizabeth I | queen of England and daughter of Henry VIII; reigned for over 40 years |
| 1300-1650 | Dates for the Renaissance |
| 1455 | Date the Printing Press was invented |
| 1517 | Date the Protestant Reformation began |
| 1492 | Date Columbus "discovered" the Americas |
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