| Term | Definition |
| alphabet | symbols that represent the sound of a language |
| cuneiform | wedged-shaped writing characters made with a reed stylus and used in writing several ancient languages |
| stylus | wedged shaped writing instrument made from reed plant |
| city-state | self-governing unit made up of city and its surroundings |
| administrator | manager: one who direts a government or organized |
| Mesopotamia | Greek "between the rivers"; cradel of civilization |
| tigris and euphrates rivers | begin in east turkey and flow through iraq and emptied in the persian gulf |
| Sumer | region of mespatamia |
| monotheism | belief in many gods |
| polytheism | belief in one god |
| pictographs | pictures that stand for words or ideas; picture writing |
| scribe | profesional writer and record keepers |
| empire | a nation and other nation it has conquered; a political unit with 1 leader |
| exile | force someone to live in another country |
| ziggurat | temple |
| code | an organized set of laws or rulers |
| edubba | Sumerian school |
| caravan | traders traveling together |
| bazaar | a market |
| famine | not enough food |
| myriad | many, inumerable |