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Minerals are solid substances, they consist of atoms packed in regular crystal structure, found in nature Materials Materials are manmade substances, using natural recourses, almost everything around us can be described as materials Hardness ability of a material to resist scratches and indentations Mallability ability of a metal to be pressed into thin sheets (ex. aluminum) Ductility ability of a material to twist or bend without breaking (ex. playdoh) Conductivity ability of a material to transfer heat or electric currents (ex. copper for wire) Luster the reflectivity or shiny-ness of a material (ex. most metals) Density how compacted the atoms of the material are D=mass/volume (ex. lead) Strength the ability of a material to withstand a great amount of force without breaking (ex. steel) Matter something that occupies space and has mass What is all matter made up of? atoms (incredibly strong) If you take a sugar cube sized sample of air, there are aprox. 45 billion billion atoms ... Basic atom structure nucleus made of protons and neutrons (99.9% of atom mass). surrounding the nucleus is a cloud of moving electrons Relative distance between electron cloud and nucleus a football stadium with the foot ball in the center of the field States of matter solid, liquid, gas, plasma Solid atoms packed closely together, low energy, vibrates only Liquid atoms dispersed but still connected in chains, higher energy Gas atoms are completely dispersed 1. solid to liquid 2. liquid to solid 3. liquid to gas 4. gas to liquid 5. gas to solid 6. solid to gas 1. melting 2. freezing 3. vaporization 4. condensation 5. sublimation 6. deposition