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polytheistic believing in many gods monotheistic believing in one god artisan skilled craftworker scribe a specially trained person who knew how to read, write, and keep records pictogram drawing used to represent a word city state political unit made up of a city and the surrounding lands empire group of states or territories controlled by one ruler Epic of Gilgamesh universal idea that live your life to the fullest, qualities of a war, imortality is only for gods, after life is horrible Sumerian School Days supposed to act under many rules, if you misbehaved the teacher would cane them, regain the favor of your teacher by paying him a bigger salary hierarcy system of ranking people within a society ziggurat pyramid-temple dedicated to the chief god or goddess of an ancient Sumerian city-state cuneifrom wedge-shaped writing of the ancient Sumerians codify arrange and set down in writing criminal law branch of law that deals with offenses against others civil law body of law dealing with private rights of individuals tolerance acceptance satrap governor of a province in the Persian empire barter system in which one set of goods or services is exchanged for another money economy system by which goods and services are paid for through the exchange of a token of agreed value colony territory settled and ruled by people from another land "carriers of civilization" phonecians because they traded alot Torah Jewish religious book covenant binding agreement patriarchal describing a family headed by the father, husband, or oldest male Sabbath holy day for rest and worship prophets spiritual leader believed to be interpreting God's will ethics moral standards of behavior Diaspora the scattering of people Babylonian Captivity when Israel fell to Babylonian and they became known as the Jews