| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Respiratory Diseases | Asthma, COPD, and upper respiratory tract infection(UTI) |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease includes | chronic bronchitis and emphysema |
| Noninfectious respiratory diseases are divided into two groups | Asthma and COPD |
| Asthma | reversible airway obstruction with inflammation |
| Inflammation related to Asthma is due to | the increased secretion in the lungs and swelling of the bronchioles |
| Asthma may be precipitated by | allergies, pollution, exercise, stress and UTI |
| Status asthmaticus | persistent life threatening bronchospasm despite drug therapy |
| Signs of asthma include | shortness of breath and wheezing |
| agents used to treat asthma include | beta-adrenergic agonist, corticosteriods and anticholinergics |
| COPD | irreversible airway obstruction |
| smoking is associated with almost all | COPD |
| Chronic bronchitis | chronic inflammation of the airways and excessive sputum production |
| Emphysema | alveolar destruction with airspace destruction and airway collapse |
| Agents used to treat COPD include | anticholinergic agents, beta-adrenergic agonist and xanthines |
| Bronchodialators | used to treat asthma, emphysema, COPD and bronchospasms by relaxing smooth muscle around the bronchi to increase oxygen flow |
| Bronchodialators are available in what forms? | oral, IV, inhalation and can be combined with other drugs (combination drug) |
| Nonselective (nonspecific) beta-adrenergic agonist example | isoproterenol |
| Sustained beta-agonists | delayed onset; cannot be used for management of an acute asthma attack |
| Example of sustained beta-agonists | salmeterol |
| Selective (specific) beta-agonists | used orally, inhalers; used for an acute asthma attack and should not be used for the management of normal breathing function |
| Adverse reactions of selective (specific) beta-agonist | insomnia, tachycardia and nervousness |
| example of selective (specific) beta-agonists | albuterol |
| Drugs used in Inhalers | Beta-agonists (specific & nonspecific), corticosteroids, cromolyn, ipratropium and leukotriene-blocking agents |
| Corticosteriods | suppress the inflammatory response and reduce tissue edema; often used with bronchodilators |
| Leukotrine-receptor antagonists | blocks the action of leukotrine, a substance active in the body during an allergic reaction |
| Example of Leukotrine-receptor antagonists | zafirlukast and leukotrines; zafirlukast increases the effect of warfarin |
| Example of anticholinergic agent | ipratropium which is the first choice for emphysema |
| Indications for anticholinergic agents | Long-term management of COPD, poorly controlled asthma or for patients who do not tolerate the side effects of the beta-agonists |
| UTI agents include | Nasal decongestants, expectorants and antitussives |
| nasal decongestives | beta-adrenergic agonists; cannot be used chronically; may cause rebound swelling and congestion |
| Expectorants | promote the removal of exudates or mucus from respiratory passages |
| Example of an expectorant | robitussin |
| Antitussives | opioids or related agents used for symptomatic relief of a nonproductive cough |
| Example of antitussive | dexotromethophan (DM)- opioid like compound |
| Mast cell inhibitors | prevent the release of histamines to control bronchospasms due to allergies |
| Patient with severe COPD a patient can develop | pulmonary hypertension so minimize stress |
| AVOID N20-O2 | patients with COPD; may manifest acute respiratory failure |
| Avoid aspirin in patients | with asthma |
| Patients who use steriod inhalers...what to watch for | candidiasis |
| Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) | Heartburn; backflow of acid up and into the esophagus; irritation, inflammation and erosion of the esophagus |
| GERD can be interpreted as | a MI |
| GERD symptoms are aggravated by | large meals and assuming a supine position |
| Treatment of GERD | decrease acid in the stomach or to constrict the cardiac sphincter; use of H2 blockers |
| H2 blockers and the proton pump inhibitors are used | to reduce or eliminate stomach's acid |
| Ulcers can occur | in the stomach or small intestines |
| Most ulcers are related to | H. pylori |
| treatment for most ulcers are | antibiotics and H2-blockers |
| Secondary ulcers | occur from chronic use of NSAIDs |
| Treatment for secondary ulcers is the use of | prostaglandins |
| H2-blockers | acid reducer; blocks and inhibits gastric acid secretion; administer with a meal at bedtime |
| Uses for H2-Blockers | ulcers and GERD |
| H2-blocker drug interactions | antifungal agents, alcohol and diazepam |
| examples of H2-blocker | Prilosec and Prevacid |
| Proton Pump Inhibitors used for | the treatment of gastric acid/ duodenal ulcers and GERD |
| Adverse reactions of the Proton pump inhibitor | headache and abdominal pain |
| antacids are used | for the treatment of acute gastritis and ulcer symptoms; self-medicated; divided into systemic and nonsystemic agents |
| laxatives are used | to treat constipation by irratating the colon wall to stimulate peristalsis |
| misuse of laxatives among public include | bullimic patients |
| laxatives are divided into | bulk laxatives, lubricants, stool softeners and osmotic laxatives |
| Antispasmodics | slow perastalsis with causes spasms and cramping |
| examples of antispasmodics | lomotil and paregoric |
| Emetics | induce vomiting; used to treat overdose and are often abused by bullimics |
| example of emetic | ipecac |
| antiiemetic | used to control nausea and vomiting; choice of the drug depends on the cause of vomiting |
| Example of antiiemetic | phenothiazines and antihistamines |
| Ulcer treaatment | one antibiotic and a proton pump OR a combo of acid reducers, anti-infective agents, H2 blockers and bismuth subsalicylate |
| Anti-infective agents that can be used for ulcers include | tetracycline, metronidazole and/or amoxicillin |
| bismuth subsalicylate is known as | Pepto Bismol |
| Chronic inflammatory bowel disease include | ulcerative colitis and chron's disease |
| Ulcerative colitis | involves only the mucosa, involves the rectum but does not involve the small intestines |
| Chron's disease | all layers of the intestinal walls involved; can involve the entire intestine....colon affected the most |
| Treatment of Chronic inflammatory bowel disease | steriods, immune modifier, antibiotics; NSAID's should be used with CAUTION in patients with cinflammatory bowel disease |
Combine with other sets
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