Chemistry
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Created by:
ninjatyler on December 9, 2011
Description:
Semester 1 vocab
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Chemistry | the study of composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes |
| matter | anything that has a mass and occupies space |
| energy | chemists play an essential role in finding ways to conserve energy, and store energy |
| Antoine LaVoisier | Father of Modern Chemistry; extremely accurate measurements |
| scientific method | is a logical approach to the solution of a scientific problem |
| extensive property | a property that depends on the amount of matter in a sample |
| intensive property | a property that depends on the type of matter in a sample, not the amount of matter |
| mass | of an object is a measure of the amount of matter the object contains |
| volume | of an object is a measure of the space occupied by the object |
| States of matter | The three states of matter are solid, liquid, gas |
| substance | matter that has a uniform and definite composition |
| physical property | a condition of a substance that can be observed or measured without changing the substances' composition |
| physical changes | changes in matter that change their appearance |
| mixture | a physical blend of two or more components |
| filtration | the process that separates a solid from the liquid in a heterogeneous mixture |
| distillation | a liquid is boiled to produce a vapor that is then condensed into a liquid |
| element | the simplest form of matter that has a unique set or properties |
| compound | is a substance that contains two or more elements chemically combined in a fix proportion |
| chemical changes | a change that produces matter with different composition than the original matter |
| chemical property | the ability of a substance to undergo specific chemical changes |
| chemical symbol | each element is represented by a one or two letter symbol |
| chemical reaction | another name for a chemical change |
| reactant | a substance that is a aprat of the reaction |
| product | a substance produced in the reaction |
| precipitate | is a solid that forms and settles out of a liquid mixture |
| law of conservation of mass | that in any physical change or reaction mass is conserved |
| measurement | a quantity that has both a number and a unit |
| scientific notation | allows you to deal with small and big numbers |
| accuracy | a measure of how close a measurement comes tot he actual or ture value |
| precision | a measure of how close a series of measurments are to one another |
| percentage error | mathematical equation that allows you to describe your accuracy |
| significant figures | all the digits that are known and one digit that is estimated |
| conversion factor | is a ratio of equivalent measurements |
| dimensional analysis | a way to analyze and solve problems using the units, or dimensions of the measurements |
| Atom | is the smallest particle of an element that retains its identity in a chemical element |
| atomic theory | Dalton's atomic theory consisted of... a. All matter composed of atoms b. During chemical reactions atoms are not destroyed or created the rearrange • Nuclear reactions: atoms split into protons and electrons c. Atoms of the same element differ in properties of another element (but are not all identical to each other- isotopes) d. Atoms combine in whole number rations to make a compound |
| subatomic particle | three kinds of subatomic particles are Protons,Electrons and Neutrons |
| proton | positively charge subatomic particles found in the nucleus of the atom |
| electron | negatively charged subatomic particles located in the electron cloud of the atom |
| neutron | neutrally charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus of the atom |
| atomic nucleus | contain neutrons and protons |
| electron cloud | where electrons are located |
| atomic number | number of protons in an element |
| mass number | total number of protons and neutrons |
| isotopes | atoms that have the same number of protons but different neutron numbers |
| atomic mass | the abundance of an element |
| periodic table | allows you to easily compare the properties of one element (or a group of elements) to another element (or group of elements) |
| group | each vertical column of the periodic table. These elements have the same chemical and physical properties |
| period | each horizontal row of the periodic table. |
| nuclear chemistry | 1800's- Marie Carie coined the term "radio activity" |
| radioactivity | materials emitting particles and rays |
| radiation | the particles and rays emitted |
| radioactive decay | unstable atom falling apart |
| alpha particle | contains two protons and two neutrons and has a double positive charge |
| beta particle | an electron resulting from the breaking apart of a neutron in an atom |
| gamma ray | high energy photon emitted by a radioisotope |
| nuclear stability | If atomic number (Z) is < 20, the neutron to proton ratio can increase up to 1.6:1 ratio |
| positron | a particle with the mass of an electron but a positive charge |
| half-life | the amount of time is takes for atoms in a radioactive material to decay into a different form |
| transmutation | the conversion of an atom of one element to an atom of another element |
| fission | when nuclei in certain isotopes are bombarded with neutrons |
| fusion | when nuclei fuse to make helium nuclei |
| neutron moderation | a process that slows down neutrons so the reactor fuel captures them to continue the chain reaction |
| neutron absorption | to prevent the chain reaction form going to fast some of the slowed neutrons must be trapped before they hit fissionable atoms |
| nuclear waste | fuel rods from fissionable isotopes |
| ionizing radiation | radiation with enough energy to knock electrons off some atoms of the bombarded substance to produce ions (ex. Gamma, alpha, beta) |
| quantum model | you can not know the location and direction of an electron at the same time because of their nature and how they behave |
| energy level | where an electron is located |
| atomic orbital | region of space where there is a high probability of finding an electron |
| quantum | the amount of energy required to move an electron from one energy level to another energy level |
| electron configuration notation | the ways in which electrons are arranged in various orbitals around the nuclei of some atoms |
| aufbau principle | electrons occupy the orbitals of the lowest energy level first |
| hund's bus rule | when there are multiple orbitals of equal energy, one electron must occupy each orbital before any electrons can pair up |
| pauli exclusion principle | no more than two electrons can fit into a specific orbital |
| electron orbital notation | spin notation with superscripts |
| electron dot notation | ... |
| electromagnetic radiation | includes radio, micro, infared, ultraviolet, x-rays, gamma-rays, visible light waves |
| amplitude | the wave's height from zero to the crest |
| wave length | the distance between crest represented by lamduh |
| frequency | the number wave cycles to pass a given point per unit of time |
| excited electron | ... |
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