Criminology Section 3
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Created by:
andrew1989 on December 9, 2011
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65 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Retribution | The philosophy that those who commit criminal acts should be punished based on the severity of crime and that no other factors need to be considered |
| Philosophical Reasons for Sentencing | Retribution, Deterrence, Incapacitation, Rehabilitation |
| Deterrence | The strategy of preventing crime through the threat of punishment |
| Incapacitation | A strategy for preventing crime by detaining wrongdoers in prison, thereby separating them from the community and reducing criminal opportunities. |
| Rehabilitation | The philosophy that society is best served when wrongdoers are provided the resources needed to eliminate criminality from their behavioral pattern rather than simply being punished. |
| Restorative Justice | An approach to punishment designed to repair the harm done to the victim and the community by the offender's criminal act. |
| Determinate Sentencing | A period of incarceration that is fixed by a sentencing authority and cannot be reduced by judges or other corrections officials |
| Indeterminate Sentencing | An indeterminate term of incarceration in which a judge determines the minimum and maximum terms of imprisonment. When the minimum term is reached, the prisoner becomes eligible to be paroled |
| Capital Punishment | The use of the death penalty to punish wrongdoers for certain crimes |
| Imprisonment | Putting someone in jail |
| Probation | a sentence which releases a convicted person into the community under the supervision of a probation officer |
| Fines | payment of a specified amount of money as a penalty for committing a crime |
| Restitution | Monetary compensation for damages done to victim by the offender's criminal act |
| Restorative Justice | An approach to punishment designed to repair the harm done to victim and the community by the offender's criminal act |
| Forms of Punishment | Capital, Imprisonment, Probation, Fines, Restitution, Restorative |
| Sentencing Disparity | Those commit similar crimes do not receive similar punishments |
| Sentencing Discrimination | When the sentence is influenced by race, gender, economic status, or some other factor not related to the crime |
| Victim Impact Statements | A statement to the sentencing body in which the victim is given the opportunity to describe how the crime has affected her or him |
| Reintegration | A goal of corrections that focuses on preparing the offender for a return to the community unmarred by further criminal behavior |
| Diversion | In the Context of corrections a strategy to divert those offenders who qualify away from prison and jail and toward community based and intermediate sanctions |
| Suspended Sentencing | A judicially imposed condition in which an offender is sentenced after being convicted of a crime but is not required to begin serving the sentence immediately |
| Recidivism | The majority of those on probation complete their terms without being rearrested |
| Judicial Administered Sanctions | Fines, Community Service, Restitution, Forfeiture, Pretrial Diversion Programs |
| Day Reporting Centers | Community based corrections center where offenders report for purposes of treatment, education, and incapacitation |
| Intensive Probation Supervision | a more restrictive alternative to regular probation. Typified by more supervision and smaller caseloads.Sh |
| Shock Incarceration | Judges sentence an individual to a period of time in an institution many of which resemble an army boot camp |
| Home Confinement and Electronic Monitoring | Offenders are required to spend extended periods of time confined to their homes, sometimes administered in conjunction with electronic monitoring. |
| Net Widening | As more and more alternative to incarceration are used, the criminal justice system can expand the number of people that can come under its supervision. |
| The Custodial Model | emphasizes security, discipline, and order |
| The Rehabilitation Model | A model that is focused helping the participants |
| The Reintegration Model | Trying to get people back into society |
| Maximum Security Prisons | A correctional institution designed and organized to control and discipline dangers felons. |
| Supermax | A Correctional facility reserved for those inmates who have extensive records of misconduct in maximum security prisons |
| Medium Security Prisons | A correctional institute that houses less dangerous inmate and therefore uses less restrictive measures to avoid violence and escapes |
| Minimum Security Prison | A correctional institution designed to allow inmates most of whom pose low security risks a great deal of freedom of movement and contact with the outside world. |
| Order | The absence of misconducts such as murder assault and rape |
| Amenities | Comforts that make life livable such as clean living conditions and good food |
| Services | Programs designed to improve inmates' prospects upon release |
| Private Prisons | Correctional facilities operated by private corporations intend of the government. Often more profitable |
| Jails | A facility usually operated by the county government used to hold persons awaiting trial or those who have been found guilty of misdemeanors |
| Traditional Jail Design | Linear jail design, cells positioned along corridor, limited supervision |
| New Generation Jail Design | Podular jail design, treatment facilities, direct supervision approach. |
| Prison Violence | Establishes the prison hierarchy, provides a deterrent against victimized. |
| Correctional Officers | Theses include Block officers, Work Detail officers, industrial shop and school officers, yard officers, towers guards, administrative building assignments |
| Inmates Rights | Right to treatment Right to refuse treatment Right to rehabilitation (no) Right to be held in a certain facility (no) Right to privacy (very little) |
| Parole | An agreement between the offender and the state that establishes conditions by which the offender will be released |
| Sex Offender | someone who has been convicted of a sex crime |
| Terrorism | The unlawful use of force against persons or property to intimidate or coerce a government, the civilian population, or any segment thereof, in furtherance of political or social objectives. |
| Jihad | The struggle against evil in oneself The struggle against evil outside of oneself The struggle against non-believers |
| WMD's | Biological Weapons, Chemical Weapons, Nuclear Weapons, Radiological Weapons |
| IEDs | Improvised explosive device |
| Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act | Prohibits persons from providing material support to foreign terrorist organizations |
| Patriot Act | Enhances he ability of the government to keep non citizens suspected of terrorist activities out of the Untied States |
| Preventative Policing | Preventing crimes before they occur rather than focusing on solving them afterwards |
| The Criminal Justice Model | Terrorism is treated like any other crime |
| The Intelligence Model | Regards terrorism as a threat to the state rather than a traditional crime |
| The Military model | The military rather than the criminal justice system is the appropriate responder to terror issues |
| Preparedness | The existence of plans procedures, training and equipment necessary to maximize the ability to prevent, respond to and recover from major events |
| Response | The actions taken after an incident |
| First Responders | The people who secure the scene of the incident by maintaining order |
| Immigration Law | Form of civil law regarding non U.S. Citizens |
| Unregulated Border Entry | Most people try to enter through Mexico |
| Rights During Wartime | balancing community safety with the rights of the accused |
| The Freedom of Speech and Religion | The First Amendment, Terroist incitement, identifying language that poses a clear threat, terror websites, cultural profiling |
| Searches, Surveillance, and Security | The Forth Amedment, The patriot act and searches, the patriot surveillance, the NSA and warrantless wiretaps. |
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