Topic 3.1 - 3.2: Language Translators, Computer architecture
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Created by:
janaldoustorres on December 10, 2011
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Description:
castañeda - sem 1 2011 class, jones book
except 3.2.9
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44 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 language translator | converts programming source code and statements into machine code |
| syntax | rules that govern how statements in a computer programming language must be constructed, computer can detect this |
| semantics | meaning conveyed by a collection of statements, computer cannot detect this |
| outline the difference between a HLL and LLL | High - [1] one instruction = many machine code instructions [2] portable(can be run on different assembly laguages, task oriented [3] more English like, Low - [1] one instruction = one machine code [2] machine specific, machine-oriented [3] less easy to write and debug |
| give an example of a HLL | Formula Translation Language (FORTRAN), Common Business-Oriented Language (COBOL), C++ & Java (Object Oriented Languages) |
| compiler | a translation program that checks the code for syntax errors and converts source code into an equivalent object code format(ie HLL --> LLL) ∴ only for HLLs |
| process of compilation [3] | [1] lexical analysis - removes all spaces and comments and looks for reserved words used by the language [2] syntax analysis - checked against the rules of the language [3] code generation - the machine code is created |
| lexical analysis | removes all the spaces & comments, looks for words used in the language (for, while, etc), produces new version of code |
| syntax analysis | program is checked against the syntax rules of the language, syntax errors reported to the programmer |
| code generation | actual OBJECT code is created |
| interpreter | translates HLL instructions into a format that can be directly executed one line at a time (takes up more memory space) |
| which run faster compilers or interpreters? | compilers |
| Why are there many different types of HLLs? | for different needs and for people of different levels |
| process of interpreters | get line and execute, repeat |
| Example of software development tools [3] | HTML editor, DBMS (date base management system - make database without specific computer code), CASE Tools (computer aided software engineering - provide development environment for programming teams) |
| List tools by Computer Aided Software Engineering (CASE) | summarizing initial requirements, developing flow diagrams, scheduling development tasks, preparing documentation, controlling software versions, developing program code |
| macro | a single instruction that expands automatically into a set of instructions to perform a particular task. "keystrokes" |
| Outline the relationship between the components of a computer [3] | Input --> Process --> Output |
| CPU | central processing unit. the part of a computer in which operations are controlled and executed |
| Control Unit | controls the sequence of the execution of the program that is stored in the computer's memory |
| Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) | performs the logical operations such as comparisons and the arithmetic operations |
| Bus | a distinct set of conductors carrying data and control signals within a computer system |
| Draw the CPU | ? |
| word | amount of bits that a CPU can process at one time, usually 8b |
| register | temporary storage that is capable of holding just one word |
| address | memory locations, identifies a single byte of storage |
| Machine Instructions cycle [4] | fetch, decode, execute, store (repeats until shut down) |
| Primary memory | stores currently executing programs and the data used by these programs, represented in binary machine code |
| constant voltage - 0 or 1? | 0 |
| 2 main areas of primary memory | RAM - programs and data to be loaded for execution and use, volatile, ROM - stores programs permanent ie start up instructions, non-volatile |
| cache | a temporary storage between the processor and the RAM, used to make processing faster because of the short distance to get the next instruction |
| virtual memory | using the secondary memory (hard disc) as an extension of the primary memory when it is not large enough to hold the whole program at the same time |
| two types of RAM | fast dynamic RAM (DRAM), even and expensive faster static RAM (SRAM) |
| secondary memory | permanent memory storage such as disks and tape |
| two main ways of storing data on secondary memory storages | sequential-access: accesses data one record at a time[array], direct(/random)-access: accesses by moving directly to its record [random files] |
| advantages, disadvantages and applications of sequential access? | application: data that has an order(ie temperature, time,etc); advantage: simple to organize, written to disks or tapes, disadvantage: interactive/online processis is not possible |
| advantages, disadvantages and applications of direct access? | application: high speed access is required, advantage: records are accessed quickly, Disadvantage: cannot access records sequentially, only using disk technology not tape |
| file | a collection of records |
| record | holds collection of fields |
| field | holds data about one category of a record |
| why does disk allow both sequential and direct access? | has to go through preceding records to get to the record you want to find. |
| why does tape allow only sequential access? | has to go through preceding records to get to the record you want to find. |
| RAM | storage of instructions for programs, volatile memory |
| microprocessor | a device similar to a CPU but lacks significant amount of primary memory |
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