Ch 8 Learning
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Created by:
gracechun96 on December 10, 2011
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38 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 learning | a relatively permanent change in an organism's behavior due to experience |
| associative learning | learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli(as in classical conditioning) or a response and its consequences (as in operant conditioning) |
| classical conditioning | a type of learning in which an organism comes to associate stimuli. A neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulus. aka Pavlovian conditioning |
| behaviorism | the view that pyschology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behaviors without reverence to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with with (2). |
| unconditioned response (UCR) | in classical conditioning, the unlearned, naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulus (UCS, such as salivation when food is in the mouth. |
| unconditioned stimulus (UCS) | in classical conditioning, a stimulus that unconditionally- nautrally and automatically- triggers a response |
| conditioned response (CR) | in classical conditioning, the learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulus |
| conditioned stimulus (CS) | in classical conditioning, an originally irrelevant stimulus that, after association with an unconditioned stimulus (UCS), comes to trigger a conditioned response |
| acquisition | the initial stage in classical conditioning; the phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned response. in operant conditioning, the strengthening of a reinforced response |
| extinction | the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (UCS) does not follow a conditioned simulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced |
| spontaneous recovery | the reapperance, after a rest period, of an extinguished conditioned response |
| generalization | the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses |
| discrimination | in classical conditioning, the learned ability to distinguish between a conditioned stimulus and other stimuli that do not signal an unconditioned stimulus |
| operant conditioning | a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher |
| respondent behavior | behavior that occurs as a qutomatic response to some stimulus; Kinner's term for behavior learned through classical conditioning |
| operant behavior | behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences |
| law of effect | Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, amd that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely |
| operant chamber (Skinner box) | a chamber containing a bar or key that an animal can manipulate to obrtain a food or water reinforcer, with attached devices to record the animal's rate of bar pressing or key pecking. Used in operant conditioning research |
| shaping | an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior towards closer and closer approximation of a desired goal |
| reinforcer | in operant conditioning, any event that strengthens the behavior it follows |
| primary reinforcer | an innately reincorcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need |
| conditioned reinforcer | a stimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer; aka secondary reinforcer |
| continuous reinforcement | reinforcing the desired response everytime it occurs |
| partial (intermittent) reinforcement | reinforcing a response only part of the time; results in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement |
| fixed ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses |
| variable ratio schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses |
| fixed interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed |
| variable interval schedule | in operant conditioning, a schedule of reinforcement that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals |
| punishment | an event that decreses a behavior that it follows |
| cognitive map | a mental representation of the layout of one's environement; ex after exploring a maze, rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of it |
| latent learning | learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it |
| overjustification effect | the effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to do. The person may now see the reward, rather than intrinsic interest, as the motivation for the performing the task |
| intrisic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effective |
| extrinsic motivation | a desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment |
| obervational learning | learning by observing others |
| modeling | the process of observing and imitating a specific behavior |
| mirror neurons | frontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The prain's mirroring of another's action may enable imitation, language learning, and empathy |
| prosocial behavior | positive, constructive, helpful behavior. The opposite of antisocial behavior |
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