Lenox 4-6
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77 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 ATP | Adenosine-triphosphate, or a high energy molecule that contains, within its bonds, energy that cells can use |
| ADP | Adenosine-diphosphate, or a low energy molecule that can be converted to ATP |
| Chemosynthesis | process by which ATP is synthesized by using chemicals as an energy source instead of light |
| Photosystem | series of light-absorbing pigments and proteins that capture and transfer in the thylakoid membrane |
| Electron Transport Chain | series of proteins in the thylakoid and mitochondrial membrane that aid in converting ADP to ATP by transferring electrons |
| ATP Synthase | enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that adds a high energy phosphate group to ADP to form ATP |
| Calvin Cycle | process by which a photosynthetic organism uses energy to synthesize simple sugars from CO2 |
| Cellular Respiration | process of producing ATP by breaking down carbon-based molecules when oxygen is present |
| Aerobic | process that requires oxygen to occur |
| Glycolysis | anaerobic process by which glucose is broken down into two molecules of pyruvate and two net ATP are produced |
| Anaerobic | process that does not require oxygen to occur |
| Krebs Cycle | process during cellular respiration breaks down a carbon molecule to produce molecules that are used in the electron transport chain |
| Fermentation | anaerobic process by which ATP is produced by glycolysis |
| Lactic Acid | product of fermentation in many types of cells, including human muscle cells |
| Cell Cycle | pattern of growth, DNA replication, and cell division the occurs in an eukaryotic cell |
| Mitosis | process by which a cell divides its nucleus and contents |
| Cytokinesis | process by which the cell cytoplasm divides |
| Chromosome | long continuous thread of DNA that consists of numerous genes and regulatory information |
| Histone | protein that organizes chromosomes around which the DNA wraps |
| Chromatin | loose combination of DNA and proteins that is present during interphase |
| Chromatid | one half of a duplicated chromosome |
| Centromere | region of condensed chromosome that looks pinched; where spindle fibers attach during meiosis and mitosis |
| Telomere | repeating nucleotide at the end of DNA molecules that do not form genes and help prevent the loss of genes |
| Prophase | first phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses, the nuclear envelope breaks down, the nucleolus disappears, and the centrosomes and centrioles migrate to opposite sides of the cell |
| Metaphase | second phase of mitosis when spindle fibers align the chromosomes along the cell equator |
| Anaphase | third phase of mitosis during which chromatids separate and are pulled to opposites sides of the cell |
| Telophase | last phase of mitosis when a complete set of identical chromosomes is positioned at each pole of the cell, the nuclear membrane starts to form, the chromosomes begin to uncoil, and spindle fibers disassemble |
| Growth factor | broad group of proteins that stimulate cell division |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| Cancer | common name for a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled cell division |
| Benign | having no dangerous effect on health, especially referring to an abnormal growth of cells that are not cancerous |
| Malignant | cancerous tumor in which cells break away and spread to other parts of the body, causing harm to the organism's health |
| Metastasize | to spread by transferring a disease-causing agent from the site of the disease to other parts of the body |
| Carcinogen | substance that produces or promotes the development of cancer |
| Asexual reproduction | process by which offspring are not produced from a single parent; does not involve the joining of gametes |
| Binary fission | asexual reproduction in which a cell divides in to two equal parts |
| Tissue | group of cells that work together to perform a similar function |
| Organ | group of different types of tissues that work together to perform a specific function of related functions |
| Organ system | two or more organs that work in a coordinated way to carry out similar functions |
| Cell differentiation | processes by which unspecialized cells develop into their mature form and function |
| Stem cell | cell that can divide for long periods of time while remaining undifferentiated |
| Somatic cell | cell that makes up all of the body tissues and organs, except gametes |
| Gamete | sex cell; an egg or a sperm cell |
| Homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same length, appearance, and copies of genes, although the alleles may differ |
| Autosome | chromosome that contains genes for characteristics not directly related to the sex of the organism |
| Sex chromosome | chromosome that directly controls the development of sexual characteristics |
| Sexual reproduction | process by which two gametes fuse and offspring that are a genetic mixture of both parents are produced |
| Fertilization | fusion of an egg and sperm cell |
| Diploid | cell that has two copies of each chromosome, one for an egg and one for a sperm |
| Haploid | cell that has only one copy of each chromosome |
| Meiosis | form of nuclear division that divides a diploid cell into haploid cells, important in forming gametes for sexual reproduction |
| Gametogenesis | process by which gametes are produced through the combination of meiosis and other maturational changes |
| Sperm | male gamete |
| Egg | female gamete |
| Polar body | haploid cell produced during meiosis in the female of many species; these cells have little more than DNA and eventually disintegrate |
| Trait | characteristic that is inherited |
| Genetics | study of hereditary patterns and variation of organisms |
| Purebred | type of organism whose ancestors are genetically uniform |
| Cross | mating of two organisms |
| Law of Segregation | Mendel's first law stating that (1) Organisms inherit two copies of each gene, one from each parent, and (2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene in their gametes. Thus, the two copies of each gene segregate or separate during gamete formation |
| Gene | specific region of DNA that codes for a particular protein |
| Allele | any of the alternative forms of a gene that occurs at a specific place on a chromosome |
| Homozygous | characteristic of having two of the same alleles at the same locus of sister chromatids |
| Heterozygous | characteristic of having two different alleles that appears at the same locus of sister chromatids |
| Genome | all of an organism's genetic material |
| Genotype | collection of an organism's genetic information that codes for traits |
| Phenotype | collection of an organism's physical characteristics |
| Dominant | allele that is expressed when two different alleles are present in an organism's genotype |
| Recessive | allele that is not expressed unless two copies are present in an organism's genotype |
| Punnett square | model for prediction all possible genotypes resulting from a cross, or mating |
| Monohybrid cross | cross, or mating, between organisms that involves only one pair of contrasting traits |
| Testcross | cross between an organism with an unknown genotype and an organism with a recessive phenotype |
| Dihybrid cross | mating between organisms involving two pairs of contrasting traits |
| Law of Independent Assortment | Mendel's second law, stating that allele pairs separate form from one another during gamete formation |
| Probability | likelihood that a particular event will happen |
| Crossing over | exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes during meiosis I |
| Genetic linkage | tendency for genes located close together on the same chromosome to be inherited together |
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