Magnus Biology Final Study Guide
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Created by:
CP322DAMAX on December 10, 2011
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125 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Darwin noticed that many organisms seemed well suited to | surviving in the environment they inhabited |
| What adaptation did the species of finches that darwin observed on the galapagos islands have | different shaped beaks |
| Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after | observations of many species and their geographical location |
| Lamarck's theory of evolution includes the concept that new organs in a species appear as a result of | the actions of organisms as they use of fail to use body structures |
| In an experiment suppose that the wings of fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on | inheritance of acquired characteristics |
| Darwin realized that the economist Malthus's theory of population control | could be generalized to any population of organisms |
| in 1859, Darwin published his revolutionary scientific ideas in a work titled | on the origin of species |
| Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of evolution by | an essay by Wallace on evolution |
| why might Darwin have hesitate to publish his concept of evolution by natural selection | he was disturbed by his findings, which challenged fundamental scientific beliefs |
| When farmers select animals or plants to use for breeding, they look for | natural variations that are present in a species |
| When a farmer breeds only his best livestock, the process involved is | artificial selection |
| Darwin called the ability to survive and and reproduce in its specific environment | evolution |
| in humans the pelvis and the femur are involved in walking. in whales these same two structures that arent used are | vestigial structures |
| Darwin's theory of evolution is based on the ideas of | heritable variation and natural selection |
| what is true about the gene pool | they often contain some traits with two or more alleles |
| Scientists assign each type of organism a universally accepted name in the system known as | binomial |
| Linnaeus's system of classification, how many taxonomic categories were there | seven |
| several different classes make up a | phylum |
| the most general and largest category in Linnaeus's system is | kingdom |
| An animal that has definite right and left sides has | bilateral symmetry |
| increases in size of an animal is the result of an increase in | complexity |
| animals that show radial symmetry | cnidarians |
| segmented bodies are a characteristic of | annelids and arthropods |
| an animal with a head, thorax, abdomen, wings, an exoskeleton, and three pairs of jointed legs is a(n) | insect |
| chordates that have backbones are called | vertebrates |
| certain fishes, such as sharks and rays are classified separately from other vertebrates because they | have skeletons of cartilage |
| The process of breaking foods down into molecules small enough to pass through membranes is known as | digestion |
| a digestive cavity either as a sac or a tube indicates that an animal's digestion is mainly | extracellular |
| When cells take in foodstuffs and digest them in a vacuole, the process is called | intracellular digestion |
| animals too large for their inner cells to be supplied directly form external environment have a | muscular pump that circulates fluid |
| in very small animals, oxygen and carbon dioxide can often be exchanged between animals and their environment by | diffusion in and out of the body |
| in an open circulatory system, blood flows from arteries into | body spaces |
| in terrestrial vertebrates, nitrogenous wastes are removed by the | large intestine |
| in animals, ammonia, urea, and acid are | excreted |
| flatworms and annelids have ganglia that process stimuli. what organ in our bodies serves the same | brain |
| when ruminants belch what gas dot hey produce | methane |
| The protist kingdom consists mainly of eukaryotic organisms that are | not plants, animals, or fungi |
| All protists | eukaryotic |
| protists commonly called seaweeds are | algae |
| Amoebas move by using | pseudopods |
| fungi are classified mainly on differences in | sexual reproductive structures |
| the threadlike structures of fungi that anchor the organisms and absrorb the food products are called | hyphae |
| why is it advantageous for fungi to produce large numbers of spores | spores live a very short time |
| all fungi are | heterotrophic |
| certain types of plants grow much better when mycorrhizal fungi are present. what type of relationship is this | symbiosis |
| a lichen is difficult to classify because on microscopic examination, it reveals two interrelated | organisms |
| what characteristics do algae share | they are autotrophs |
| what animal like characteristic do euglanoids have | they can be heterotrophs sometimes |
| what might cause red tides | increase in nutrients in water |
| where would fungi NOT thrive | polar ice cap |
| a fungus that is a parasite might feed on | a person's skin |
| the chemicals that ooze from the hyphae of a fungus into a food source | break down food |
| where would you look to find some fungus spores | a mushrooms cap |
| because of the shape of its spore-producing structures, a puffball fungus is a type of | club fungi |
| what do yeast cells use as a food source in bread making and wine making | sugar |
| what bacteria-killing fungus did Fleming isolate in his 1928 experiment | penicillium |
| when observing a prokaryote how would you know it is a prokaryote | it doesn't have a nucleus |
| eukaryotes usually contain | a nucleus, specialized organelles, genetic material |
| what organism is a prokaryote | bacteria |
| what are the functions of the nucleus | stores dna, controls most of the cell's processes, contains the information needed to make proteins |
| what structure is found in the cytoplasm | ribosomes |
| which organelle breaks down food into molecules the cell can use | lysosome |
| which organelles help provide the cell with energy | mitochondria and chloroplasts |
| what is the path of a protein in a cell | rough endoplasmic recticulum, golgi apparatus, released from the cell |
| what organelles are not in animal cells | cell wall, chloroplasts |
| what is the main function of the cytoskeleton | makes cell keep its shape |
| diffusion is the movement of molecules from | an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration |
| which means of particle transport requires input of energy from the cell | active transport |
| the diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane is called | osmosis |
| an animal cell that is surrounded by fresh water will burst because of osmotic pressure causes | water to move into the cell |
| what is an example of an organ | heart, stomach, lung, etc. |
| a group of similar cells that perform a particular function is called | tissue |
| an organ system is a group of organs that | work together to perform a certain function |
| as a cell becomes larger, its | volume increases faster than its surface area |
| compared to small cells, large cells have have more trouble | taking in food |
| the process in which a cell divides into 2 daughter cells is | mitosis |
| what are the 4 stages of the cell cycle | g1, s, g2, mitosis |
| when during the cell cycle is a cell's dna replicated | M Phase |
| if an organism's diploid number is 12 then its haploid number is | six |
| gametes have how many alleles per gene | one |
| gametes are produced by the process of | meiosis |
| chromosome form tetrads during | prophase 1 of meiosis |
| what happens between meiosis 1 and meiosis 2 that reduces the number of chromosomes | replication does not occur |
| unlike mitosis results in diploid cells, meiosis results in the formation of | haploid cells |
| unlike mitosis, meiosis results in | four genetically different cells |
| which out of these four assort independently: chromosomes, genes on the same chromosome, multiple alleles, condominant alleles | chromosomes |
| the endocrine system is made up of | glands |
| which of the following is a gland of the endocrine system: sweat gland, tear gland, pituitary gland, all of the above | pituitary gland |
| a thermostat is a good example of a | feedback system |
| feedback inhibition means that an increase in a substance will | decrease production of that substance |
| which gland fails to produce enough of its hormone in the disease diabetes mellitus | pancreas |
| which hormones stimulate the gonads to mature | FSH and LH |
| specialized sex cells are known as | gametes |
| when during the mestrual cycle does an egg have the best chance of being fertilized | the beginning of the luteal phase |
| one menstrual cycle usually lasts about a | month |
| during the menstrual cycle LH and FSH peak, causing the | follicle to produce a mature egg |
| menstruation does not occur if the | egg is fertilized |
| where does fertilization occur | fallopian tube |
| a zygote is a | fertilized egg |
| reproduction is a process of greatest value to the: population, species, niche, individual | species |
| for species of organisms, reproduction solves the problems of | individual mortality |
| asexual reproduction is called vegetative reproduction when a new organism develops from | body parts of the parent organism |
| asexual reproduction is less common in_____than plants | animals |
| During sexual reproduction | two different cells unite to form a new individual |
| would you expect meiosis to occur in an asexual organism | no |
| avery's experiments showed that bacteria are transformed by | DNA |
| what did Griffith observe when he injected a mixture of heat-killed, disease-causing bacteria and live harmless bacteria into mice | the mice developed pneumonia |
| what would Hershey and chase have concluded if both radioactive 32p and 35s were found in the bacteria in their experiment | both the virus' protein coat and its DNA were injected into bacteria |
| which of the following is a nucleotide found in DNA: ribose+phosphate+group+thymine, ribose+phosphate group+uracil, deoxyribose+phosphate group+uracil, deoxyribose+phosphate group+ cytosine | deoxyribose+phosphate group+cytosine |
| because of base pairing the percentage of: | pyrimidines in DNA is about equal to the percentage of purines |
| in eukaryotes DNA | is located in the nucleus |
| which of the following include all others: DNA molecules, histones, chromosomes, nucleosomes | chromosomes |
| DNA is copied during a process called | replication |
| RNA contains the sugar | ribose |
| unlike DNA, RNA contains | uracil |
| How many types of RNA are there | three |
| which types of or RNA are involved in protein synthesis | messenger RNA, transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA |
| what is produced during transcription | RNA molecules |
| how many bases are needed to specify three amino acids | three |
| why is it possible for an amino acid to be specified by more than one kind of codon | there are 64 different kinds of codons but only 20 amino acids |
| what happens during the process of translation | the cell uses information from messenger RNA to produce proteins |
| which type of RNA functions as a blueprint for the genetic code | mRNA |
| if a specific protein is not continually used by a cell, the gene for that protein is | turned on and off at different times |
| A point mutation that changes a codon specifying an amino acid into stop codon is called a | substitution |
| changing the codon ACG to AGA represents a _____mutation | missense |
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