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Northern Renaissance scholarly Southern Renaissance arts Johannes Reuchlin wrote "On the Fundamentals of Hebrew" in 1506; brought before the Inquisition by Pope Leo X Pope Leo X Brought Johannes Reuchlin and Martin Luther before the Inquisition Phillip Melanchthon taught Greek at Wittenberg University John Colet Founded St. Paul's School Sir Thomas More Wrote "Utopia"; executed because he would not sanctify Henry's divorce from Catherine William Tyndale 60% of the KJV is based on his works; translated the NT at Wittenberg; burned at the stake Jacques D'Etaples Translated the Latin Vulgate into French Desiderius Erasmus Wrote "In Praise of Folly"; greatest scholar of the Northern Renaissance; printed teh NT from the original Greek in 1516 Martin Luther Wrote the 95 Theses to the door of the church Augustinian monk Luther was this kind of monk Albert of Brandenburg sold indulgences to repay his debt to the Medicis John Tetzel said, "As soon as a coin in the coffer rings, a soul from purgatory springs!" he later became the church's scapegoat Oct. 31, 1517 Luther nailed his 95 These to the church door (date) 95 Theses originally written by Luther in Latin; translated into German for everyone to read Frederick the Wise protected Luther when Leo X summoned him to Rome Diet of Augsburg Luther debated Cardinal Cajetan Carl von Militz debated Luther in order to buy the church more time Leipzig Debate Debate held between Johann Eck and Luther Johann Eck the church's top debater Sola Scriptura Means Scripture alone... Luther's cry to the church To the Chritsian Nobility of the German Nation" written by Luther to Germany's nobility; defied the church's Two Swords doctrine Babylonian Captivity written by Luther; attacked the churhc's Sacramental Beliefs Freedom of the Christian Man written by Luther 1521 Luther was excommunicated this year (date) Diet of Worms Charles V invited Luther to this Diet Edict of Worms Charles V issued this, declaring Luther a heretic and authorizing his citizens to kill Luther Castle of Wortburg where Luther hid after he was "kidnapped" by Frederick the Wise's knights Knight George Luther's alias while he was in hiding at the Castle of Wortburg German Bible translated by Luther from the original Greek; set the standard for the language Katherina von Bora former nun who married Luther 1546 Luther died of a heart attack in this year (date) 13 Cantons Switzerland was divided into these Ulrich Zwingli preacher from Switzerland who preached from Matthew 1529-1531 A war broke out among the Cantons over the reformation and lasted between these years (date) John Calvin wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion" Anabaptist re-baptizer 1525 The Anabaptist movement began around this year (date) Munsters followed Thomas Munster; believed in polygamy and violent revolts. Peasants' Revolt took place in 1525; Luther was caught in the middle Augsburg Confession first Protestant statement of faith Peace of Augsburg written in 1555 Thomas de Torcamata first Grand Inquisitor Council of Trent met from 1545-1563; denied salvation by faith and made the pope the ultimate authority once again. William the Silent Father of Dutch Liberties Golden age of Spain Lasted from 1492-1588; ended with the defeat of the Spanish Armada Henry VIII Reigned from 1509-1547; had six wives. Defender of the Faith Henry VIII earned this title from the church when he wrote against the Reformation Catherine of Aragon Henry VIII's first wife; she was Catholic; had a daughter, Mary Tudor; Henry divorced her Church of England Founded by Henry VIII so that he could divorce Catherine of Aragon Anne Bolyn Henry VIII's second wife; had one daughter, Elizabeth; executed on charges of adultery Jane Seymour Henry's third wife; gave birth to Edward Anne Cleves a German princess; Henry married her but quickly divorced her because she was ugly Catherine Howard Henry's fifthwife; committed adultery; executed Catherine Parr Henry's sixth wife; married him although she was in love with some else; took care of him on his deathbed. Edward VI Came to the throne at age 9; died at age 15; made Lady Jane Grey his successor Lady Jane Grey Reigned for 9 days before she was executed by Mary Tudor for treason Mary Tudor married Phillip II of Spain; known as Bloody Mary; died of uteran cancer Elizabeth I Also known as "Good Queen Bess", prepared the English to face off against the Spanish Armada. Mary Stuart tried to take the throne away from her cousin Elizabeth; Elizabeth was forced to execute her. Sir Francis Drake also known as the "Old Sea Dog"; plundered Spanish Armada ships as he circumnavigated the globe; made a 4,700% profit from his buckaneering Henry II King of France; the Huegenots were heavily persecuted under his reign Huegenots Reformers in France Catherine de Medici wife of Henry II Francis II, Charles IX, and Henry III Henry II's and Catherine Medici's sons Edict of January a temporary fix for the Protestants; failed. St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre arranged by Catherine Medici to take place after her daughter's marrige to Henry Navarre Admiral Coligny a major leader of the French Protestant movement; killed during the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre Henry IV First Protestant king of France Edict of Nantes allowed Huegenots to meet openly and raise up theirown militia Marie de Medici Henry IV's wife; mother of Louis XIII Louis XIII Came to the throne at a young age, couldn't reign, Cardinal Richelieu became his regent Thirty Years War lasted from 1618-1648 Bohemia the 30 Years War broke out here FerdinandII made king by the Bohemians Christian IV fought in the Thirty Years War and was defeated by the Romans Gustavus Adolphus fought in the Thirty Years War and defeated the Romans but was killed in the process Cardinal Richelieu reigned fro Louis XIII; led France into the Thirty Years War, helping to end it Peace of Westphalia treaty that ended the Thirty Years War; recognized Switzerland and the Netherlands as independent nations Nicolaus Copernicus introduced the Heliocentric Theory in his work, "Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres written by Nicolaus Copernicus Heliocentric theory introduced by Nicolaus Copernicus in his works "Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" Johannes Kepler introduces the Laws of Planetary Motion in his work, "Harmony of the World" Laws of Planetary Motion introduced byJohannes Kepler "Harmonyof the World" written by Johannes Kepler; introduced the laws of planetary motion Ellipsis planets move in this pattern AD 30 Death and Resurrection of Christ (date) AD 30 Beginning of the New Testament Church (date) AD 64 Roman persecution of Christians begins under Nero/ Peter & Paul are martyred (date) AD 313 Edict of Milan (date) AD 395 Roman Empire permanently divided/ Byzantium renamed Constantinople and made capital of of Eastern Roman (Byzantine) Empire (date) AD 1081-1118 Reign of Alexius Comnenus/ beginning of Crusades (date) AD 1453 Capture of Constantinople by Ottoman Turks/ End of Byzantine Empire (date) AD 843 Treaty of Verdun divides Carolingian Empire (date) AD 919 Henry the Fowler begins Saxon line of German kings (date) AD 1229 Council of Toulouse forbids possession of the Bible among laymen (date) AD 1305-1378 Babylonian Captivity of the papacy (date) AD 1060 University of Salerno (the first medieval university) is established (date) AD 1096-1099 First Crusade/ Crusaders establish four kingdoms in Holy Land (date) AD 1334-1351 Black Death in Europe kills 25 million people (date) AD 1382 First English Bible is published (date) AD 1440 Gutenberg invents movable-type printing press (date) AD 1066 Battle of Hastings/ Beginning of Norman Conquest (date) AD 1215 Magna Carta is signed by King John (date) AD 1295 Model Parliament is formed in England (date) AD 1302 Frist meeting of the Estates General in France (date) AD 1492 King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of Spain defeat last Moorish kingdom in Spain/ Columbus discovers New World/ beginning of Spanish Inquisition (date) AD 1516 Desidius Erasmus publishes first printed edition of Greek New Testament (date) AD 1517 Martin Luther posts his 95 Theses in Wittenberg, Germany/ beginning of Protestant Reformation (date) AD 1521 Diet of Worms (date) AD 1530 Augsburg Confession (date) AD 1555 Peace of Augsburg recognizes Lutheranism (date) AD 1588 England defeats the Spanish Armada (date) AD 1618-1648 Thirty Years War - last great religious war in Europe/ Peace of Westphalia (date) AD 1543 Copernicus develops heliocentric view of the universe (date) AD 1666 French Academy of Science founded by Huguenots and Jansenists (date) AD 1687 Newton publishes Principia/ development of universal law of gravity and laws of motion (date) 4000 BC Creation/ fall of mankind (date) 2300 BC Height of Sumerian civilization/ call of Abraham/ Epic of Gilgamesh/ Sumer is conquered by Amorites and Elamites (date) 1500 BC Exodus/ Ten Commandments/ Invention of Sinai Script (date) 1100 BC Conquest of Babylon by Tiglath-Pileser I of Assyria (date) 721 BC Conquest of Northern Kingdom of Israel by Assyrians (date) 586 BC Destruction of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar/ Babylonian captivity of the Jews (date) 431-404 BC Peloponnesian War (date) 323 BC Death of Alexander the Great/ beginning of Hellenistic Age (date) 30 BC Rome conquers Ptolemaic Egypt/ end of Hellenistic Age (date)