Psychology Final
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Created by:
mrasmovich on December 11, 2011
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150 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Psychiatry | medical doctors, can prescribe medication |
| socrates | reincarnation and recycling of knowledge |
| aristotle | student of plato, tabula rasa, the birth of empiricism |
| rene descartes | positivism and 3 facts: i think therefore i am, all the stuff may or may not be there but the space holding it is there, motion- there is movement going on through space, introduces reflex |
| dualism | animals dont have a free will or immortal souls, there is the physical world and the mental world which is where souls come from |
| British Empiricists | John Locke and David Hume |
| Empiricism | born into the world knowing nothing, learn everything from experience |
| John Locke | pro democracy, everyone put their knowledge and wisdom together to come up with better ideas |
| David Hume | more into straight philosophy not politics, justice must be learned, causation is learned, some things are abstract and we cannot learn from experience |
| Immanuel Kant | notions that can't be learned (self, justice, causation), these notions make up the mental world |
| Wilhelm Wundt | the father of psychology, established psychology as experimental philosophy in Leipzig, psychology is the science of the mental world, structuralism, introspection |
| structuralism | looking for the building blocks of consciousness, ran many experiments, tried to understand the mind by breaking it down into basic parts |
| introspection | looking within your own state of mind, required people to look inward and describe their own experiences |
| William James | the father of american psychology, american functionalism |
| Mary Witt Calkins | couldnt get a PhD at Harvard because she was a woman, first female president of the American Psychology Association |
| Behaviorists | John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner |
| Behaviorist Manifesto | psychology should be about behavior, not the mind |
| Behaviorists | behavior is what happens and what people do in the world, dont care about mental world; the only proper subject matter of psychology is observable behavior rather than immediate behavior |
| John Watson | hired at John Hopkins, later fired for sex scandal, created modern advertising |
| Skinner | discovered operant conditioning |
| Charles Darwin | variation occurs naturally and randomly |
| London's Bethlehem or Bedlam | earliest attempt to treat mental illnesses, first institution |
| Franz Anton Mesmer | hypnosis or "mesmerism", started trying to treat people, moved to paris and turned it into a parlor game and became an entertainer |
| Jean Martin Charcot | his theory was that mesmerism could be used in treatment, thought only women who did bad things could get hysteria and it was a uterus disease, later realized that girls were faking it |
| Sigmund Freud | bad at hypnotizing, developed the relaxed setting for a psychology room, dimmed lights, comfy couch, had 2 theories: the patients, who were often daughters of aristocracy, were abused and the memories represented wishes or fantasies |
| Freud's Theoretical Personality Structures | id, ego, and superego |
| id | the unconscious and unrepentant seeker of pleasure; the portion of the personality that is governed by inborn instinctual drives, particularly those related to sex and aggression; the pleasure principle.. "I want" |
| ego | the executive that acts in accordance with reality; reality principle.. cant always get what you want; |
| superego | the moral seeker of ideal behavior; the portion of personality that motivates people to act in an ideal fashion; conscience, right vs wrong, guilt, idealistic principle.. always act in a proper and ideal fashion as defined by parents and culture |
| the oral stage | birth - 18 months, weaning from the breast, signs: eating, smoking, talking, gullible, sarcastic |
| anal stage | 2-3 years, signs: toilet training; anal retentive: tidy, organized, forced to potty train; anal expressive: creative, permissive, not forced at all |
| phallic stage | 3-6 years, for boys: want mothers full attention, oedipus complex: become erotically attracted to mother, resent father; for girls: blames mother for not giving her a penis, electra complex: attracted to father, wants to share father's penis by having sex with him |
| Latency | 5- puberty, sexual feelings are largely suppressed, children direct attention to social concerns |
| The genital stage | sexuality reawakens, but in appropriate way, adolescence- adulthood, heterosexual relationships outside of the family |
| Anxiety | when there's conflict among the id, ego, and superego, unpleasant feeling of dread, unpleasant and defense mechanisms get rid of it, happens when you are fixated in a stage |
| Psychoanalysis | designed to defeat defense mechanisms and deal with the causes of conflict, invented by Freud, let people feel more comfortable so that people let down their defense mechanisms to think more clearly |
| Defense Mechanisms | denial, repression, projection, reaction formation, rationalization, displacement, sublimation |
| denial | it's not happening; refuse to believe information that leads to anxiety |
| repression | it didn't happen, past tense denial, most important weapon: keeps anxiety-producing thoughts and feelings buried in the unconscious |
| projection | im not like that, you are; seeing your flaws in other people; unacceptable wishes or feelings that are attributed to others |
| reaction formation | im not like that, im the opposite of that; someone goes from one extreme to the other; you behave in a way that is counter to how you feel |
| rationalization | there are good reasons why im like that; explaining and justifying your behaviors; explanations are created to deal with threatening thoughts |
| displacement | i need to go work out; putting negative feelings and energy into physical exertion |
| sublimation | im going to write a revolutionary poem; emotional exertion |
| Carl Jung | didn't like that Freud was trying to explain individual behaviors and minds but that most of what we do happens in the collective unconscious |
| collective unconscious | the notion that certain kinds of universal symbols and ideas are present in the unconscious of all people and accumulates over a lifetime |
| Alfred Adler | didnt like how negative Freud was, inferiority complex- a concept that motivates a great deal of human behavior, our natural drive for superiority that explains motivation |
| Karen Horney | thinks that Freud's ideas on sexism mostly apply to men, doesn't believe in penis envy and that women are dissatisfied with their sex |
| normal distribution | mean=median=mode |
| correlation coefficient (r) | measures the strength of a relationship, basic range 0-1, 0 = no relationship between variables, 1= perfect relationship, negative correlations the range is really -1-1, correlation doesn't imply causation |
| independent variable | the aspect of the environment that is manipulated in an experiment, must consist of 2+ conditions |
| dependent variable | behavior that is measured or observed in an experiment, does watching violent programs (independent) increase violence (dependent)? |
| the brain | 100 billion cells (out of 60 trillion) called neurons |
| nerve | bundles of axons that make up neural "transmission cables" |
| Neurons | all cells fired same way, send electro-chemical message to next neuron, distinguished only by pathway, narrow and wide |
| signals | input either from outside world or another neuron, output goes to either another neuron or makes a muscle contract |
| sensory neuron | receives input from outside world and goes to another neuron |
| interneuron | receives input from another neuron and send output to another neuron |
| motor neuron | receives input from another neuron and sends it to a muscle |
| 10,000 | each neuron can have up to this many dendrites |
| negative | at rest, a neuron has a slight _______ charge |
| polarization | the differentiation that the inside of a neuron is negative, outside is positive |
| depolarization | the act of a neuron firing, when a cell gets fired, a sodium or potassium channel opened and allowed some positive charge to come in which let the neuron not be so negatively charged |
| myelin | a fatty substance; purpose is to insulate axons within their neuron; insufficient myelin is huntington's disease |
| terminal button | the end of the neuron |
| people with brain damage | this problem is found in Wernicke's area and Broca's area |
| motor centers | efferent nerve pathways carry central nervous system messages outward to the muscles and glands |
| sensory centers | information travels to the brain and spinal cord through afferent nerve pathways |
| electroencephalograph (EEG) | monitor the gross electrical activity in the brain; better at measuring at the surface (the cortex) |
| Computerized tomography scan (CT) | absorbed X-rays indicate location of matter in the head; measures density of matter; highly focused X-rays construct detailed anatomical maps of the living brain |
| Positron emission tomography (PET) | radioactive stuff in blood indicates blood flow; drink radioactive stuff, it gets in blood stream, and shows up on PET, blood goes where the neural activity is happening, measures how radioactive substances are absorbed in the brain, it can be used to detect how specific tasks activate different areas of the living brain |
| Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) | magnetic properties of iron in blood; uses magnetic fields and radio wave pulses to construct detailed, 3D images of the brain; functional means a video clip of it not just picture, depend on blood flow directly having iron in hemoglobin (oxygen attaches to the iron in it, makes blood red), all the iron cells point to the magnet; cant do it you have metal in your body; map changes in blood oxygen use as a function of task activity |
| Magnetoencephalography (MEG) | electrical current in neurons creates magnetic field; measure magnetic fields coming off your head |
| Central Nervous System | consists of the brain and spinal cord |
| peripheral nervous system | somatic: 5 bodily senses, everything we are aware of; autonomic: happens automatically, breathing, heart rate, parasympathetic (calming), sympathetic (arousing) |
| hindbrain | primitive part of the brain that sits at the juncture point where the brain and spinal cord merge, medulla and pons, reticular formation, cerebellum |
| Medulla and pons | basic life support, heart rate, breathing, if damaged, will need a lot of help, luckily harder to damage because of location |
| reticular formation | sleep and consciousness, well protected but if damaged may cause coma |
| cerebellum | coordination of complex motor skills, looks like cauliflower |
| midbrain | structures serve as neural relay stations and may help coordinate reactions to sensory events, superior and inferior colliculus (together the tectum), substantia nigra |
| Tectum | when the inferior and superior colliculus come together they form this |
| Substantia nigra | dopamine production and parkinson's disease (lack of dopamine) |
| Forebrain- subcortical structures | outer portion of the brain, thalamus, hypothalamus, limbic system |
| thalamus | final sensory processing |
| hypothalamus | the four F's: feeding, fleeing, mating, fighting; plays a role in motivational activities |
| limbic system | emotion, contains the amygdala: aggression, motivational and emotional behaviors; and the hippocampus: memory |
| cerebral cortex | two hemispheres connected by corpus callosum; how information transfers from side to side; left controls right; each hemisphere has 4 lobes |
| frontal lobe | thought, personality, conscience; psychosurgery; motor cortex, including Broca's area (production of spoken language and sign language, even typing); trepanning in 19th century- doctors used for psychosurgery |
| parietal lobe | somatosensory cortex (has a map of the body knowing where you are poked) and sensory integration; sense of touch |
| temporal lobe | audition, including Wernicke's area (language comprehension), memory and hearing; speech and language perception |
| occipital lobe | vision, in the back of the head |
| The eye | transparent cornea for light to reach neurons in the back of the eye |
| Iris | the ring of colored tissue surrounding the pupil |
| Pupil | hole in the center of the eye that allows light to enter; empty space; size changes depending on light conditions |
| Lens | transfers light to back of your eyeball in the retina; if it is off, one needs glasses or contacts to adjust lens with another lens |
| vitreous humor | mushy stuff behind lens that upholds the shape of eyeball |
| retina | thin layer of tissue that covers the back of the ye and contains the light sensitive receptor cells for vision; strip of neurons covering most of eyeball b/c light comes in at many angles |
| optic nerve | all neurons feed into this and it gathers all information from eyeball to go to brain |
| optic nerve | little gap in the retina that has no nerve receptors; the blind spot |
| accommodation | the process through which the lens changes its shape temporarily to help focus light in the retina |
| optic chaism | major crossover of the sides of the brain |
| lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) | most of the signals come in through this of the thalamus and then goes to the visual cortex |
| photo receptors | cones and rods |
| ganglion cells | long axons that extend to the optic nerve and into the brain |
| cones | see color, detect motion, see fine detail, takes a lot of energy and light to work, cant see color in dark, located in center of retina, concentrated in the fovea, 6 million |
| rods | highly sensitive and are active in dim light; work in the dark; located around sides of retina, in the periphery; 120 million |
| fovea | center of retina |
| periphery | everything besides the fovea |
| visual activity | ability to process fine detail in vision |
| trichromatic theory | a theory of color vision proposing that color information is extracted by comparing the relative activations of 3 different types of cone receptors |
| short and blue | 450 nanometers |
| medium and green | 525 nanometers |
| long and red | 575 nanometers |
| 20 minutes | time it takes to adapt to dim light |
| 1 minute | time it takes to adapt to bright light |
| cones | cones or rods? which ones adapt faster to dark |
| hue | dimension of light that produces color |
| opponent-process theory | a theory of color vision proposing that cells in the visual pathway increase their activation levels to one color and decrease their activation levels to another color |
| bottom-up processing | controlled by the physical message delivered to the senses |
| top-down processing | controlled by one's beliefs and expectations about how the world is organized |
| 2 | how many dimensions are retinas |
| monocular cues | partially depends on what we already know about the world (size of a baby relative to size of adult); cues for depth that require input from only one eye |
| motion parallax | how fast things are moving as you move past them, through your visual angle |
| linear perspective | used in art, "dot" far away from you and as objects get closer they get farther apart horizontally |
| convergence | a binocular cue for depth that is based on the extent to which the two eyes move inward, or converge, when looking at an object |
| binocular disparity | both eyes must be used together |
| retinal disparity | a binocular cue for depth that is based on location differences between the images in each eye |
| pinna | part of each we can touch/see; made of cartilage, helps capture sound |
| ear drum | flexible, soft tissue; keeps inner ear equaling outer ear pressure, vibrates |
| cochlea | hard shell, snail shaped, where sound is translated into nerve impulses; with 1 soft spot that is attached to the stepes; full of fluid; made of 3 chambers |
| scala vestibuli | extra fluid |
| scala media | action happens, hair cells |
| basilar membrane | sheet of membranes |
| wave | determined by the level of pressure |
| decibels | what amplitude is measured in |
| pitch | highness or lowness; frequency, approximately |
| 10-20 hertz | lowest frequency you can hear |
| 20,000 hertz | highest amount of hertz |
| overtones | waves of 200, 400, 800, 1600 |
| timbre | pattern of overtones |
| kinesthetic sense | the ability to sense the position and movement of one's body parts |
| vestibular sense | senses acceleration and changes in upright posture; disturbances lead to nausea |
| smell | olfaction |
| taste | gustation; different between taste and flavor |
| taste | what your tongue detects (sweet, sour, bitter, salty) |
| flavor | the whole experience (taste plus smell and texture) |
| papillac | bumps on tongue; taste buds are receptors within these |
| phonology | the pronunciation of spanish letter R can not be found in English. This represents a difference in the two languages |
| sensory motor | children first show object permanence during |
| deep structure | the cat chased the lizard. the lizard was chased by the cat. the two sentences share the same... |
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