| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Donald Johanson | discoverer of australopithecines |
| Mesoamericans | inhabitants of present-day Mexico and Central America |
| priests | supervised rituals and aimed at pleasing the gods |
| Sumerians | creaters of the first Meospotamian civilization |
| Akkadians | "Semitic people" north of the Sumerian city-states |
| Sargon | leader of Akkadians overran Sumerian city-states and set up the first empire in world history |
| Hammurabi | created new Mesopotamian Kingdom, and made the Code of Hammurabi |
| Menes | the king united the villages of upper and lower egypt into a single kingdom and created the first Egyptian royal dynasty |
| Hyksos | western-asians that invaded Egypt and fought with horse-drawn war chariots |
| Hatshepsut | the first woman to become pharoah |
| Akhenaton | introduced Aton, god of the sun disk, as the sole god |
| Tutankhamen | Akhenaton's son who restored the old gods |
| Ramses II | under him Egyptians gained control of Palestine, but could not reestablish their borders |
| Cleopatra VII | tried to reestablish Egypt's independence with involvement with Rome |
| Indo-Europeans | people who used a language derived from a single parent tounge |
| Hittites | first peoples to make and use iron and threatened power of the Egyptians, lived in Asia minor |
| Phoenicians | lived in the area of Palestine, great shipbuilders, known for their 22 character alphabet |
| Israelites | Semitic-speaking people who leaved in commonday Isreal |
| King Solomon | ruled iraelites and known for his widom, and built the temple in Jerusalem |
| Isaiah | Jewish prophet who visioned the end of all wars and peace for all nations of the world |
| Assyrians | Semitic-speaking people who exploited hte use of iron weapons to establish and empire |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Chaldean king who made Babylonia their empire and leading state in western Asia |
| Persians | Indo-European who lived in now what is called Iran, one of the largest empires of the world |
| Cyrus | unified nomadic groups into the powerful Persian state that stretched from asia Minor to western India |
| Darius | added a new Persian empire in western India that extended to the Indus River |
| Immortals | infantry force whose numbers were never below 10,000 |
| Zoroaster | came up with Zoarasterism wrote down in Zend Avesta |
| Minoans | earliest greek civilization, settled on Crete, known for shipbuilding, capital Knossos, discovered by Arthur Evans |
| Myscenaeans | discovered by Heinrich Scliemann, inland greeks, conquered Minoans, alliance of kings |
| Homer | epic poem writer, wrote Illiad and Odyssey |
| Aristotle | argued that one should be loyal and patriotic to their state |
| Solon | Athenian reforminded aristocrat, freed all people who became slaves due to debts |
| Cleisthenes | created the foundations for Athenian democracy |
| Darius | first Persian ruler to attack and seek revenge on Greece |
| Xerxes | vowed revenge and invaded Greece, was stopped at Platea |
| Pericles | dominant figure in Athenian politcs and made a direct democracy and set up an ostracism |
| Aeschylus | Wrote only complete tradgedy we possess today, Oresteia |
| Sophocles | Wrote the famous play Oedipus Rex |
| Pythagoras | Pythagorean theorem, taught that the universe was made of music and numbers |
| Socrates | "The unexamined life is not worth living." question and answer format of learning |
| Plato | greatest philosopher of Western civilization. Believed a higher eternal world existed |
| Aristotle | Believed in examining the thing itself not their essence, believed there was no eternal world |
| Theucydides | greatest historian of the ancient world, wrote History of the Peloponnesian War |
| Philip II | king of Macedonia and turned Macedonia into the cheif power of the greek world |
| Alexander the Great | Became macedonia's king at age 20, concquered Greece and the Persian Empire |
| Eratosthenes | determined the Earth was round and calculated its circumference |
| Euclid | wrote The Elements, a textbook on plane Geometry |
| Archimedes | worked on geometry of spheres and cylinders, and established the value of pi. Practical inventor |
| Latins | people who lived in the region of Latium |
| Etuscans | People living in Etruria, development of Rome was influenced by these people |
| Livy | provided a number of short stories to teach Romans the virtues that had made Rome great |
| Hannibal | the greatest of the Carthaginian generals, led army through the mountain pass, many died and were defeated by the Romans |
| Crassus | richest man in rome, and was part of the first Triumverate |
| Pompey | Successful commander in Spain and military hero, part of the first Triumverate |
| Julius Caesar | successful commander in Spain and military hero, became the dicator from the first Triumverate |
| Octavian | part of the second Triumverate, and took the west side of Rome |
| Antony | Caesars's ally and assistant, took the east side of Rome, part of second Triumverate |
| Augustus | "the revered one" same as Octavian |
| Nero | Killed innocent people and started the presecution of Christians |
| Virgil | most distinguished poet of the Augustan Age - Aeneid |
| Horace | prominent augustan poet, wrote satires |
| Livy | wrote the most famous Lani prose work- the History of Rome |
| Spartacus | gladiator, led a sucessful slave revolt in Italy |
| Jesus | son of god, jewish prophet and preached throughout Judea, sacrificed himself to forgive all sins |
| Simon Peter | a Jewish fisherman and follow of Jesus, leader of the apostles |
| Paul of Tarsus | hichly educated Jewish Roman citizen and founded Christian commmunities throughout Asia Minor |
| Constantine | became the first Christian emperor, issued Edict of Milan, and founded Constantinople |
| Theodosius the Great | under him Romans adopted Christianity as their official religion |
| Diocletian | divided Rome into 4 units and each with its own ruler |
| Constantine | like Diocletian, strengthened and enlarged administrative bureaucracies, enlarged army and public service |
| Huns | came from Asia and moved into Europe and put pressure on the Visigoths |
| Visigoths | moved south and west and reolted against the Romans |
| Vandals | poured into southern Spain and Africa, and sacked Rome for the second time |
| Romulus Augustulus | western emperor, deposed by the Germanic head of the army |
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