1stSem. SSTerms
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81 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 hominids | a prehistoric human |
| flake tools | tools made by chipping thin flakes off larger stones. |
| domesticated | trained to be useful to humans |
| civilization | society with a developed knowledge of frming, trade, government, art, and science. |
| social institutions | Religion, government, laws, school, military that keep order, protect property, strengthen social class divisions, and make decisions. |
| prehistoric | the period of time after people first appeared but before they developed writing. |
| Neolithic Revolution | The switch from hunting and gathering to an agricultural society. Made it possible for humans to produce foods and stay in one place. |
| artifacts | objects made and used by ancient people. |
| hunter-gatherer | Moving constantly from one place to another and living by gathering fruits and hunting animals. The life of living off of needed resources. |
| earth mother | a female figure that was fat and big and symbolized fertility. |
| surplus | more than needed. |
| fertile crescent | the region of the Middle East that extends from the Nile River Valley to the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. The birthplace of civilization. |
| cuneiform | writing that uses wedge-shaped characters that the sumerins had. |
| city-state | an early city that was like a small, independent country with its own laws and government. |
| priest-king | Sumerian governmental and religious leader of a city-state. |
| scribe | a person who writes for other people. |
| Sumer | the southern part of Mesopatamia where civilization first started. It was made up of swamps. |
| Akkad | the northern part of Mesopatamia. Characterized as a fertile plain. |
| empire | a large territiory where several different groups are ruled by a single person. |
| Ishtar | goddess of love, fertility, and war. |
| Enkidu | Gilgamesh's best friend that was wise but died because of Gilgamesh's actions. |
| Humbaba | the guardian of a sacred cedar forest. |
| Utnapishtim | Survived the "great flood" in Gilgamesh and was granted eternal life. |
| Sargon | The king of Akkad and started the first empire, the Akkadian Empire. |
| Nebuchadnezzar | Defeated the Assyrians as king of the Neo-Babylonians. He rebuilt Babylon and named it one of the most important cities in Mesopatamia. Built the hanging gardens of babylon. |
| Hanging Gardens of Babylon | One of the wonders of the ancient world built by Nebuchadnezzar. |
| Cyrus the Great | Persian army expanded under him and he created the largest army in the ancient world. |
| Immortals | 10,000 elite Persian soldiers that were immediately replaced whenever one died. |
| floodplain | The area closest to the Nile River and where ancient people farmed and lived. |
| low desert | The area of Egypt one level higher than the floodplain where ancient people hunted and were buried. |
| Nubia | the area soth of Egypt that was powerful and rich with gold. |
| Book of the Dead | a guidebook for ancient Egyptians in the afterlife. |
| canopic jars | jars that contained the person's internal organs. |
| shabti figures | tiny statuettes that the ka and ba could reanimate if anything were to happen to the mummy. "The servants to the dead." |
| mastaba | a single-story tomb made of stone. |
| papyrus | "the Egyptian's paper" |
| Djoser | the first pharaoh tht had a pyramid built for him, the step pyramid. |
| Imhotep | Djoser's architect and vizier that built the step pyramid. |
| hieroglyphs | The Egyptian's form of writing which included various symbols. |
| amulet | an ornament worn as a charm for protection against evil. ie: eye of horus |
| crook and flail | symbols of the pharaoh's power |
| necropolis | "the city of the dead". The egyptian burial grounds. ie: The Valley of the Kings |
| cataracts | waterfalls or rapids in rivers |
| inundation | large scale flooding |
| ka | spiritual twin in the afterlife |
| ba | your personality and spirit |
| akh | immortality |
| Opening of the mouth ceremony | a ceremony that the priests conducted after someone had died to give the person the ability to speak, eat, and have full use of his/her body in the afterlife. |
| Narmer | First pharaoh of Egypt |
| Snefru | Built the second and third known pyramids, the bent pyramid and the red pyramid. |
| Khufu | Snefru's son that wanted to outdo his father and built the largest pyramid the Great Pyramid. |
| Khafre | Khufu's son that built the sphinx and one other pyramid a tiny bit smaller than his father's. |
| sarcophagus | a stone box where the coffin is placed inside. |
| sphinx | monumental sphinx / statue built by Khufu's son, Khafre. |
| double crown | symbolizes rule over both upper and lower egypt. |
| Old kingdom | a period in Ancient Egyptian history tht lasted from about 2700 to 2200 B.C. |
| dynasty | a period of time ruled by a specific family. |
| Maat | the heavenly and earthly realm and the pharaoh's job is to keep it balanced. |
| Hatshepsut | The regent to Thutmose the third and wife to Thutmose the second. Ships Thutmose the third off to military school and becomes the first female pharaoh. |
| Thutmose the third | The Napolean of Ancient Egypt because he expanded borders (into Nubia) and was a great warrior. |
| Amun | the creator god that was the most important in Thebes and Upper Egypt so he became the chief god. |
| Aten | The sun with extended hands that Akhenaten worshipped so exstensively. |
| Nefertiti | The wife of Akhenaten and his main supporter. "The most beautiful woman in history." |
| Abu Simbel | Ramses' most famous temple. |
| Punt | The place off of Samalia and the Red Sea where Hapshetsut sent trading expeditions. |
| Karnak | The temple where Amun was worshipped. |
| Hyksos | Group of people that came from Palestine and Syria and invaded Egypt. They had superior weapons like chariots, armor, and bows. |
| intermediate period | Small periods of time where Egypt was in turmoil and recovering before new main periods. |
| Akhetaten | Or Amarna the changed capital of Egypt during the rule of Akhenaten. |
| regent | The person that has full and equal power to the pharaoh while the next heir is underage. |
| vizier | the pharaoh's right hand man / second in command. |
| Aye | King Tut's regent and became pharaoh after Tut died. |
| Horemheb | King Tut's regent and became pharaoh after Aye. |
| Howard Carter | An egyptologist and archaeologist that found King Tut's tomb and mummy. |
| Lord Carnarvon | Funded Howard Carter's trip to find King Tut's mummy. |
| Ur | One of the first cities of civilization. |
| Uruk | One of the first cities of civilization and the city-state that Gilgamesh was king of. |
| Horus | God that's associated with the pharaoh. |
| Cult Temple | Temple worshipping a single god. Priests enter to leave offerings and perform rituals for the god. |
| Mortuary Temple | Temple representing a god and a special deceased pharaoh. |
| tribute | wealth sent from one country or ruler to another as a sign that the other is superior |
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