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Jacques Cartier explorer for France, St. Lawrence and Mississippi River Valley mercantalism Economic system of trading nations; belief that a nation's power was directly related to its wealth triangular trade A three way system of trade during 1600-1800s Aferica sent slaves to America, America sent Raw Materials to Europe, and Europe sent Guns and Rum to Africa Middle Passage journey from Africa to New World, slave trade route Prince Henry of Portugal prince of portugal, big sponsor of exploration, founded naval academy of sorts Vasco de Gama sea route to India, cape of good hope, portugese explorer Columbus explorer for Spain, discovers Americas Magellan This was the first person to lead an expedition that circumnavigated the world Francis Drake English explorer and admiral who was the first Englishman (2 person) to circumnavigate the globe and who helped to defeat the Spanish Armada (1540-1596) Zheng He chinese mariner, admiral Ming Dynasty A major dynasty that ruled China from the mid-fourteenth to the mid-seventeenth century. It was marked by a great expansion of Chinese commerce into East Africa, the Middle East, and Southeast Asia. Songhay Empire Portion of Mali after that kingdom collapsed around 1500; this empire controlled Timbuktu. humanism a renaissance intellectual movement in which thinkers studied classical texts and focused on human potential and achievements secular non-religious, wordly Scientific revolution the era of scientific thought in europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned Copernicus discovered that the solar system revolved around the sun, heliocentrism Galileo Italian astronomer and mathematician who built his own telescope and found four moons revolving around Jupiter heliocentric sun centered geocentric Earth centered Johannes Kepler discovered that the planets move in ellipses Isaac Newton English mathematician and physicist, discovered gravity William Harvey discovered how the heart and blood works printing press invented by Gutenburg. made producing books cheaper and faster caravel Portugese ship compass navigational tool, used to find north gunpowder technology invention of gun powder, redefines rules of war John Wycliff failed reformer of church Jan Huss failed reformer of church Erasmus Dutch humanist and priest, wanted to bring humanism into Catholicism Martin Luther Catholic priest, posted 95 theses, faith over good works to get to heaven, initiates protestant reformation 1517 date of 95 theses John Calvin reformer who believed in predestination King Henry VIII of England formed Anglican church to get a divorce, also known as church of england, secular ruler trumps papal authority Catholic Reformation catholic church's counter to protestantism, index conrtolled information, inquisition, ended indulgences with council of trent, simony and reasserted roman catholic church teachings Ignatius Loyola founded Jesuits jesuits society of Jesus absolutism absolute power of monarchs, divine rights of kings age of englightenment (reason) influenced by scientific way of understanding world John Locke natural rights Thomas Hobbes political philosopher, humans are bad