Chapter 7: Cell Structure and Function
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40 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 cells | basic units of life |
| cell theory | states that all living things are composed of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things, and new cells are produced from existing cells |
| eukaryotes | cells that contain nuclei |
| nucleus | a large membrane-enclosed structure that contains the cell's genetic material in the form of DNA |
| prokaryotes | cells that do not contain nuclei |
| cytoplasm | portion of the cell outside the nucleus |
| nuclear envelope | surrounds the nucleus; composed of two membranes; dotted with thousands of nuclear pores that allow material to move into and out of the nucleus |
| chromatin | granuel material you can see in the cell; consists of DNA bound to protein |
| nucleolus | small, dense region contained in the nuclei; where the assembly of ribosomes begins |
| lysosomes | cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down cerain materials in the cell |
| ribosomes | small particles of RNA and protein found throughout the cytoplasm |
| concentration | mass of a solute in a given volume of solution, or mass/volume |
| lipid bilayer | double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes |
| vacuoles | cell organelle that stores materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates |
| Golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum |
| endoplasmic reticulum | internal membrane system where lipid components of the cell membrane are assembled, along with proteins and other materials that are exported from the cell |
| organelles | structures that act as specialized organs, "little organs" |
| chromosomes | distinct, threadlike structures that contain the genetic information that is passed from one generation of cells to the next |
| mitochondria | cell organelle that converts the chemical energy sored in food into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use |
| chloroplasts | organelle found in cells of plants and some other organisms that captures the energy from sunlight and convers it into chemical energy |
| diffusion | process by which particles tends to move from an area where they are more concentrated to an area where they are less concentrated |
| equilibrium | when the concentraion of the colute is the same throughout a system |
| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane |
| isotonic | when the concentration of two solutions is the same |
| hypertonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentraion of solutes |
| hypotonic | when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentraion of solutes |
| active transport | energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| faciliated diffusion | movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell |
| exocytosis | process by which a cell releases large amounts of material |
| pinocytosis | process by which a cell takes in liquid from the surrounding environment |
| tissue | group of similar cells that perform a particular function |
| cell specialization | the process in which cells develop in different ways to perform different tasks |
| cytoskeleton | network of protein filaments within some cells that helps the cell maintain its shape and is involved in many forms of cell movement |
| centrioles | one of two tiny structures located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope |
| cell wall | strong supporting layer around the cell membrane in plants, algaem and some bacteria |
| cell membrane | thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell |
| organ | group of tissues that work together to perform closely related function |
| organ system | group of organs that work together to perform a specific function |
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