The Cardiovascular System
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90 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 True of FalseHeart disease is caused by a disturbance in the function of the cardiac pump | True |
| Epicardium | the thin, transparent outer layer of the heart wall; also called the visceral layer of the serous pericardium |
| Myocardium | the middle muscular layer of the heart wall |
| Endocardium | the membrane that lines the cavities of the heart and forms part of the heart valves |
| True of False The right and left atria receive venous blood returning to the heart | True |
| True or False The left ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. | False, the right ventricle pumps blood through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. |
| True or False Once blood is oxygenated by the lungs it returns to the left atrium of the heart | True |
| True or False The left ventricle pumps oxygen rich blood throughout the body | True |
| True or False Blood returning to the heart after circulation is returned to the left atrium | False, blood returning to the heart after circulation is returned to the right atrium |
| True of False The "right heart" circulates blood into the pulmonary artery and throughout the lungs (pulmonary circulation) | True |
| True of False The "left heart" pumps blood into the aorta for distribution to the various organs and tissues in the body (systemic circulation) | True |
| True of False Contraction of cardiac muscle reduces the size of the atria or ventricles, raising the pressure of the blood within the compressed chambers, which squeezes blood out of the chambers. | True |
| Atrioventricular Valve | The flaplike heart valve located between the atrium and ventricle |
| Semilunar Valves | The cup-shaped valved located between the ventricles and the aorta or pulmonary artery |
| True or False When the heart relaxes in diastole, the chordae produce tension on the valves and pull the arterioventricle valves apart. | True |
| True of False The right coronary artery divides into two parts | False, The left coronary artery divides into two parts |
| True or False The leading cause of death for smokers is lung cancer | False, the leading cause of death for smokers is heart disease |
| Right Atrium | the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus |
| Left Atrium | the left upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the pulmonary veins |
| Right Ventricle | the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk |
| Left Ventricle | the chamber on the left side of the heart that receives arterial blood from the left atrium and pumps it into the aorta |
| True of False The pulmonary artery is unique because it does not carry oxygenated blood, it carries blood from the heart to the lungs | True |
| True of False The pulmonary vien is unique because it carries oxygenated blood, it carries blood back to the heart from the lungs | True |
| Vien | A blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart. |
| Artery | a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body (oxygenated) |
| True or False Coronary arteries originate off the aorta | True |
| Sinoatrial Node (SA) | the pacemaker; highly specialized neurological tissue, embedded in the wall of the right atrium, responsible for initiating electrical conduction of the heartbeat, causing the atria to contract and firing conduction of impulses to the AV node |
| Atrioventricular Node (AV) | This area at the junction of the right atrium and ventricle receives the stimulus from the sinoatrial node and sends the impulse to the ventricles through the bundle of His. |
| Bundle of HIS | a bundle of modified heart muscle that transmits the cardiac impulse from the atrioventricular node to the ventricles causing them to contract |
| Perkinje Fibers | End of the conduction system; sends impulses through the ventricles, causing them to contract |
| True or False Systolic hypertension is a greater indicator for the development of heart disease | False, diastolic hypertension is a greater indicator for the development of heart disease |
| True of False Systolic pressure is highest during ventricular contraction | True |
| True or False Diastolic pressure is highest when the ventricles are relaxed | False, diastolic pressure is lowest when the ventricles are relaxed |
| Collateral Circulation | circulation by secondary channels after obstruction of the principal channel supplying the heart |
| Atrial Fibrillation | occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall |
| ECG | Abbreviation for electrocardiogram, which is a record of the electrical activity of the heart. |
| P wave | The P wave reflects the initial wave of depolarization associated with atrial systole. |
| Systole | the contraction of the chambers of the heart (especially the ventricles) to drive blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery |
| QRS complex | the second wave on the EKG that begins as a downward deflection, continues as a large, upright, triangular wave, and ends as a downward wave; represents rapid ventricular depolarization |
| T wave | the third, dome-shaped upward deflection of the EKG that represents ventricular repolarization, and occurs just as the ventricles begin to relax |
| PR interval | Time required for conduction from the SA node to AV node. The time between atrail and ventricular deplarization. This is normally 0.12 to 0.2 seconds. |
| AV bundle | The only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles. Also known as the bundle of HIS |
| Ventricular Fibrillation | fibrillation of heart muscles resulting in interference with rhythmic contractions of the ventricles and possibly leading to cardiac arrest |
| Foramen Ovale | during fetal development - interarterial opening which allows blood to flow freely from the right to left atrium - bypassing pulmonary circulation |
| Pulmonary stenosis | abnormal narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle |
| Aortic stenosis | abnormal narrowing of the aortic valve |
| Tetralogy of Fallot | A congenital heart defect producing cyanosis. Characterized by four symptoms: pulmonary stenosis and ventricular septal defect and malposition of the aorta over both ventricles and hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | a ductus arteriosus that failed to close at birth |
| Rheumatic Fever | a severe disease chiefly of children and characterized by painful inflammation of the joints and frequently causes damage to the heart valves |
| Rheumatic Heart Disease | damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever |
| True or False Prophylactic penicillin may prevent recurrent rheumatic fever | True |
| Infective Endocartitis | An infection of a heart valve usually caused by a bacterial infection. |
| True or False Endocarditis is especially problematic for individuals who may have previous heart valve damage | True |
| Name the six most significant factors for heart disease: | 1- Hypertension 2- Elevated blood cholesterol 3- Elevated low density lipoprotein level 4- Smoking 5- Obesity 6- Diabetes |
| Name the less significant risk factors for heart disease: | 1- Lack of exercise 2- High caffiene intake 3- High stress levels |
| Name the uncontrollable factors for heart disease: | 1- Genetics (family history) 2- Age 3- Gender |
| Myocardial Infarction | destruction of heart tissue resulting from obstruction of the blood supply to the heart muscle |
| Coronary Artery Disease | Narrowing of the coronary arteries due to plaque on the vessel walls |
| Arteriosclerosis | thickening, loss of elasticity, and calcification (hardening) of arterial walls |
| Atherosclerosis | condition in which fatty deposits called plaque build up on the inner walls of the arteries |
| Arrythmia | irregular heart beat |
| Bradycardia | slow heart rate, usually below 60 beats per minute |
| Tachycardia | abnormally rapid heartbeat (over 100 beats per minute) |
| Pericarditis | inflammation of the pericardium |
| Mitral Valve Prolapse | Abnormal closure of the mitral valve so that blood refluxes backward into the left atrium during ventricular contraction. |
| True of False It is estimated that 33% of people who suffer a myocardial infaction die immediately | True |
| Coronary Artery Disease | disease of the arteries surrounding the heart |
| Myocarditis | inflammation of the myocardium most often caused by viral or bacterial infection |
| Congestive Heart Failure | syndrome where the heart is unable to pump enough blood to meet the body's needs for oxygen and nutrients; as a result, fluid is retained and accumulates in the ankles and legs |
| Cyanotic Heart Defect | Infant is born with cyanosis |
| Acyanotic Heart Defect | No problems evident at birth |
| Cardiac Arrest | cessation of heart activity |
| Cardiomyopathy | Disease of the heart muscle that leads to generalized deterioration of the muscle and its pumping ability |
| Aneurysm | a cardiovascular disease characterized by a sac-like widening of an artery resulting from weakening of the artery wall |
| Cerebral Infarction | Loss of blood supply to brain because of vascular occlusion |
| Cerebral Thrombosis | a blood clot in a cerebral artery or vein |
| Encephalomalacia | softening of the brain |
| Cerebral Embolism | obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation |
| Cerebral Hemorrhage | bleeding from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain |
| Hemiplegia | paralysis of one side of the body |
| Hemiparesis | weakness on one side of the body |
| True or False Stroke is the leading cause of death in the U.S. | False, stroke is the htird leading cause of death in the U.S. |
| Transient Ischemia Attack | mini-stroke, breif episodes of neurologic dysfunction |
| Aphasia | loss of speech due to injury or illness |
| True or False 1/4 of patients with TIA have a stroke | False, 1/3 of patients with TIA have a stroke |
| Meningitis | infectious disease characterized by inflammation of the meninges (the tissues that surround the brain or spinal cord) usually caused by a bacterial infection |
| Encephalitis | inflammation of the brain usually caused by a virus |
| Meningoencephalitis | inflammation of the brain and spinal cord and their meninges |
| Myelitis | inflammation of the spinal cord |
| Poliomyelitis | an acute viral disease marked by inflammation of nerve cells of the brain stem and spinal cord |
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