Chapter 8 Vocab (Biology)
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26 terms
Terms | Definitions |
|---|---|
 Bacteriophage | Virus that infects bacteria |
| Nucleotide | Monomer that forms DNA and has a phosphate group, a sugar, and a nitrogen-containing base |
| Double Helix | Model that compares the structure of a DNA molecule, in which two strands wind around one another, to that of a twisted ladder |
| Base Paring Rules | Rule that describes how nucleotides form bonds in DNA; adenine (A) always bonds with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always bonds with cytosine (C) |
| Replication | Process by which DNA is copied |
| DNA Polymerase | Enzyme that makes bonds between nucleotides, forming an identical strand of DNA during replication |
| Central Dogma | Theory that states that, in cells, information only flows from DNA to RNA to proteins |
| RNA | Nucleic acid molecule that allows for the transmission of genetic information and protein synthesis |
| Transcription | Process of copying a nucleotide sequence of DNA to form a complementary strand of mRNA |
| RNA Polymerase | Enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of a complementary strand of RNA from a DNA template |
| Messenger RNA (mRNA) | Form of RNA that carries genetic information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for protein synthesis |
| Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | RNA that is in the ribosome and guides the translation of mRNA into a protein; also used as a molecular clock |
| Transfer RNA (tRNA) | Form of RNA that brings amino acids to ribosomes during protein synthesis |
| Translation | Process by which mRNA is decoded and a protein is produced |
| Codon | Sequence of three nucleotides that codes for one amino acid |
| Stop Codon | Codon that signals to ribosomes to stop translation |
| Start Codon | Codon that signals to ribosomes to start being translation; codes for the first amino acid in a protein |
| Anticodon | Set of three nucleotides in a tRNA molecule that binds to a complementary mRNA codon during translation |
| Promoter | Section of DNA to which RNA polymerase binds, starting the transcription of mRNA |
| Operon | Section of DNA that contains all of the code to being transcription, regulate transcription, and build a protein; includes a promoter, regulatory gene, and a structural gene |
| Exon | Sequence of DNA that codes information for protein synthesis |
| Intron | Segment of gene that does not code for an amino acid |
| Mutation | Change in the DNA sequence |
| Point Mutation | Mutation that involves a substitution of only one nucleotide |
| Frameshift mutation | Mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide in the DNA sequence |
| Mutagen | Agent that can induce or increase the frequency of mutation in organisms |
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